Koleksi Skema Rangkaian|Artikel Elektronika

10 LED VU Meter Using IC LM3914

2012-01-25T00:42:00.003+07:00

This 10 LED VU meter circuit has only a few parts but is useful as an indicator for the measurement of entering acoustic signals. The circuit is a perfect one chip replacement for the standard analog meters. It is completely solid state and will never wear out

LM3914 VU Meter Circuit

The circuit is built around an LM3914 IC. The input signal from the VU meter is put on pin 5 of IC1. Through pin 9 of IC1 is the display mode sets (bar or dot instructions). In the drawn state IC1 works in the dot mode. When pin 9 is coupled to pin 3, the IC works in bar mode. Obviously the whole circuit consumes less power in dot mode.

List Component

C1        : 2.2uF/ 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
R1        : 1K  Resistor
D1        : 1N4002 Diode
LED1-LED  : 10 x  LED or LED Array
U1        : LM3915

Notes

V+ can be anywhere from 3V to 20V.
The input is designed for standard audio line voltage with has a maximum input voltage of 1.3V.
Pin 9 can be disconnected from ground to make the circuit use a moving dot display instead of a bar graph display.

AT89s51-52 and AVR USB Downloader

2011-11-29T04:49:00.004+07:00

Microcontroller T89s51, AT89S52 and AVR is an idol among students. Well now because of technology trends and laptop PCs already left the LPT and COM so more and more difficult to download the firmware into the microcontroller, via LPT or COM. Solutions to be overcome with AT89S S-series, because the facility program downloads with the ISP (MISO, MOSI, SCK, RST), then use the ISP downloader which is also commonly used for this AVR microcontroller type. Time to play man with AT89s so much easier via USB without hassle and unplug the IC.

AT89s51-52 and AVR
USB Downloader Circuit

After you finish creating the PCB from the circuit above, then fill it to the ATmega8 with firmware usb51.hex do not forget to set low fuse = EF (SUT0 = 0, others = 1) and high fuse = C9 (SPIEN = 0, CKOPT = 0, BOOTSZ1 = 0, BOOTSZ0 = 0, others = 1). Of course, charging into the ATmega8, firmware downloader tool is needed.

For those who need a filling firmware and more complete information about the USB Downloader please visit http://guru.technosains.com/

Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin

2011-11-16T05:47:00.001+07:00

This circuit uses an incandescent lamp to detect airflow (mendeteksi angin). With the filament exposed to air, a constant current source is used to slightly heat the filament. As it is heated, the resistance increases. As air flows over the filament it cools down, thus lowering it's resistance. A comparator is used to detect this difference and light an LED. With a few changes, the circuit can be connected to a meter or ADC to provide an estimation on the amount of air flow.

Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin

LM339 Pinout

The glass will have to be removed from L1 without breaking the filament. Wrap the glass in masking tape and it in a vise. Slowly crank down until the glass breaks, then remove the bulb and carefully peel back the tape. If the filament has broken, you will need another lamp.

List Component

R1   : 100 Ohm 1/4W Resistor 
R2   : 470 Ohm 1/4W Resistor 
R3   : 10k 1/4W Resistor 
R4   : 100K 1/4W Resistor 
R5   : 1K 1/4W Resistor 
C1   : 47uF Electrolytic Capacitor 
U1   : 78L05 Voltage Regulator 
U2   : LM339 Op Amp 
L1   : #47 Incandescent lamp with glass removed (See "Notes") 
D1   : LED

Stepper Motor Controller using IC 4027

2011-11-16T05:17:00.001+07:00

The stepper controller circuit is very interesting, since most lines the step motor controllers are very expensive. The circuit is made of standard components and can easily be adjusted by a computer. If you cheap surplus transistors and stepper motors, the price of the circuit can be less than $ 15.

Stepper Motor Controller Circuit using IC 4027

This stepper controller circuit shown here can used to control the unipolar stepper motor, the which has four coils. The stepper controller circuit can drive for a motor current of up to about 500 MAMP / Winding by Suitable heat sinks for the SL-100 In higher currents seem 2N3055 power transistors can be used as darlington pair along with the SL-100. All diodes are used to protect the transistor from back current transients.

List Componet

R1, R2 ,R3, R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
D1, D2, D3, D4: 1N4002 Silicon Diode
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4: TIP31 NPN Transistor (See Notes) TIP41, 2N3055
U1            : 4070 CMOS XOR
U2            : 4027 CMOS JK Flip-Flop
S1            : SPDT Switch

Notes:
1. You should be able to substitute any standard (2N3055, etc.) power transistor for Q1-Q4.
2. Every time the STEP line is pulsed, the motor moves one step.
3. S1 changes the motors direction.

4027 CMOS JK Flip-Flop IC Pinout

4070 CMOS XOR IC Pinout

Ukuran Box Subwoofer 10"

2011-10-30T04:54:00.005+07:00

This subwoofer box was created to match and aid the 1.618 Hi-Vi 3-way tower loudspeakers. The main focus of the HiVi 10" subwoofer was to reproduce ultra low frequencies that the 1.618 could not reproduce and aid in overall low end musical reproduction. Low, flat and not "boomy" was priority one. This subwoofer project uses the 10" subwoofer driver which can deliver plenty of bottom end.

The enclosure design and model frequency response are shown below.

Note:

10" 4 ohm subwoofer
O-Audio 500 Watt plate amplifier
Freq Response: 25Hz up to chosen x-over point.
Overall Dimension: 21"x 12.75"x 20"

For more details on how to make it please read more http://diyaudioprojects.com/Speakers/HiVi-DIY-Subwoofer/

4,8W Class-A MOSFET Amplifier

2011-10-30T04:10:00.003+07:00

This is very simple Class-A 2SK1058 MOSFET Amplifier circuit. It is easy to build it, Must use supply volte 24V at high current. It produces the most purest sound. I have no idea of distortion levels etc. but it has a very fine grain, and delicately textured quality.

Skema Rangkaian 4,8W Class-A MOSFET Amplifier

This is one package 2SK1058 N-Channel MOSFET Pin Diagram

The four resistors are 15ohm and 10W each the which I wired two in series for 30 ohms and then the two sets of 30 ohms are wired in parallel to give a total resistance of 15 ohms. These get extremely hot and burn about 30W at idle.

For more detail please read more http://diyaudioprojects.com/Solid/ZCA/ZCA.htm

LM383 - Car Audio Amplifier Circuit

2011-10-30T03:36:00.004+07:00

Circuit schematic shows the circuitry for a Class B amplifier with 8 Watt output, based on the LM383 chip. This amplifier circuit suited for automotive applications. High current capability (3.5A) en-ables the device to drive low impedance loads with low dis-tortion. The LM383 is Current Limited and thermally protected. High voltage protection is available (LM383A) the which enables the amplifier to withstand 40V transients on its supply. The LM383 comes in a 5-pin TO-220 package. By National Semiconductor Corporation

Skema Rangkaian Car Audio Amplifier
berbasis LM383

Note:
That it's advised you use this with a LM383 chip Suitable heatsink.

This is one package pinout of LM383 chip, If you need more pinouts please download LM383's pdf datasheet.

Rangkaian Power Amplifier Blazer 1000 Watt

2011-06-10T03:28:00.006+07:00

This is a audio power amplifier Blazer circuit provides up to 1000Watt . This interesting routes many good bass and treble alive. Importantly should choose Power supply source, which has been fairly high voltage class 70Vdc GND -70V 10A is the current low level

Skema Rangkaian Power Amplifier Blazer 1000 Watt

The transistors are 2SC3858 (NPN) and 2SA1494 (PNP), and feature high bandwidth, excellent safe operating area, high linearity and high gain. Driver transistors are 2SC5200 (NPN) and 2SA1943 (PNP). All devices are rated at 230V, with the power transistors having a 150W dissipation and the drivers are 50W.

This circuit describes an amplifier, power supply and tests procedures that are all inherently dangerous. Nothing described in this article should even be considered unless you are fully experienced, know exactly what you are doing, and are willing to take full 100% responsibility for what you do. There are aspects of the design that may require analysis, fault-finding and/or modification.

500 Watt Inverter 12VDC to 220VAC

2011-06-07T19:29:00.004+07:00

The circuit of 500 Watt Inverter 12VDC to 220VAC is made using a transistor. central component of this inverter circuit is a configuration of 2 pieces of transistors Q1 and Q2 which form a circuit of Flip-Flop. The output of the flip-flop Q1 and Q2 then in severance for each pulse to complement each other using a compiled circuit by Q3 and Q4. Output which complement each other is then given to the driver transistors Q5 and Q6 form the transistor 2SC1061. Power Inverters of this circuit is composed using parallel transistors Q7, Q8 and Q7x, Q8x a form of 2N3055 power transistor 10 pieces. schematic a complete of Inverter 500 Watt circuit can be seen as follows.

Skema Rangkaian 500 Watt Inverter
12VDC to 220VAC

Step up part of this inverter circuit using a transformer 12VCT/500VA in secondary and primary 0 - 220V. While the frequency is determined by the flip-flop which is set to 50 Hz.

Note:

Q7, Q8 and Q7x, Q8x require heat sink.
Output power of this dc dc converter is around 500 watts.
An optional 40A fuse can be added in circuit to the 12V supply line.
T1 can be a 12-CT-12V /250V/40A mains transformer.

12VDC – 220VAC Inverter Using Cmos CD4047

2011-06-07T18:45:00.006+07:00

This inverter circuit will convert 12V DC power from battery to 22oV AC as home power replacement. The inverter can be used for small electronic appliances such as lamp, radio, phone charger, disk player etc.

Skema Rangkaian 12VDC – 220VAC Inverter
Using Cmos CD4047

CD4047 Pinout

The inverter circuit has a central component, the CMOS 4047, and converts a 12V DC voltage to 220V AC voltage. 4047 is utilised as a astable multivibrator. At pin 10 and 11 we find a rectangular symmetrically signal which is amplified by tow Darlington transistors T1 and T2 and finally reaches the secondary coil of a transformer network (2 x 10V/100VA). Primary coil terminals voltage is 220 alternative voltage. To obtain a better performance use a toroidal core transformer with reduced losses. With P1 the output frequency can be regulated between certain limits (50…400Hz).

This Circuit From: http://apowersupply.com

Light/Dark Switch With Relay

2011-05-19T03:36:00.003+07:00

The circuit as shown act as a light detector. Under normal conditions the resistance of the LDR is high, keeping pin 2 low. When light falls onto the LDR the resistance drops to a couple hundred ohms and triggers pin 2 high which biases the base of Q1 via pin 6 and R4 and in turn activates the relay.

Light/Dark switch Circuit with relay

As you may have notice, the 741 is connected as a voltage comparator. Two voltage dividers are easy to be found: The first one is the10K resistor and the LDR . The second one is composed by the two 470 Ohms resistors and the potentiometer. Both the outputs of the dividers are connected as inputs to the voltage comparator.

The second voltage divider will settle the reference voltage. The first voltage comparator that contains the LDR, will change it's voltage according to the light level. When the voltage across the negative input of the comparator is less than the voltage to the positive input of the comparator, the output is held low. When the voltage on the negative input rises, there will be a time that it becomes greater than or equal to the positive (pre-selected) voltage, and then the output becomes high and the relay through the 2N2222 is actuated.

Refrigerator Door Alarm Circuit Using LDR

2011-05-19T02:28:00.003+07:00

The alarm circuit enclosed into a small box is placed in the refrigerator near the lamp. With the door closed the interior of the refrigerator is in the dark, the LDR R2 presents a high resistance thus clamping IC1 by holding pin 12 high. When a beam of light enters from the opening, or the refrigerator lamp illuminates, the LDR lowers its resistance, pin 12 goes low, IC1 starts counting and, after a preset delay (20 seconds in this case) the piezo sounder beeps for 20 sec. then stops for the same lapse of time and the cycle repeats until the refrigerator door closes. D2 connected to pin 6 of IC1 allows the piezo sounder beeping 3 times per second.

Skema Rangkaian Refrigerator Door Alarm Using LDR

Note:

Delay time can be varied changing C1 and/or R3 values.
Quiescent current drawing is negligible, so SW1 can be omitted.
Place the circuit near the lamp and take it away when defrosting, to avoid circuit damage due to excessive moisture.
Do not put this device in the freezer.

List Component:

R1    : 10K
r2    : LDR any type
R3,R4 : 100K
C1    : 10nF
C2    : 100µF/25V
D1,D2 : 1N4148
IC1   : 4060 14 stage ripple counter and oscillator IC
Q1    : BC337
BZ1   : Piezo sounder (incorporating 3KHz oscillator)
SW1   : SPST slide Switch
B1    : 3V Battery

This alarm circuit from : http://www.redcircuits.com/

Rangkaian 11-90 hz Subwoofer Filter Using TL072 Op-Amp

2011-05-01T12:15:00.005+07:00

The subwoofer filter circuit allows the addition of subwoofers to an existing full-range system, offering adjustable low-pass filtering with optional R6 and R8 boost and mono-summing.

Skema Rangkaian 11-90 hz Subwoofer Filter
Using TL072 Op-Amp

TL072 Op-Amp

The Subwoofer filter circuit to remove for separate pre amplifier to drive the low frequency sound a lot. In tone, call tone, normal Can not be done … is a fine deep low bass sounds like a bass drum, or at a movie complex in a low voice if we can be heard with But to add cabinets and amps. The subwoofer circuit is pass low frequency with in 11-90 Hz. Switching power supply 12V cut out if they need to use +-15V. I had change the Capacitor to cut out vocals per the red circle mark.

6 Band Graphic Equaliser Circuit Using 741 Op-Amp

2011-05-01T10:35:00.005+07:00

This circuit is 6 Band Graphic Equaliser ,you can adjust sound in low ,mid and high which circuit used IC 741 Op-Amp. With this circuit you can control and blend frequencies and tones as desired.

Essentially, the circuit consists of an IC 741 whose gain at various freguencies is determined by corresponding potentiometer setting.

Skema Rangkaian 6 Band Graphic Equaliser Using 741 Op-Amp

The audiblefrequency spectrum is covered in six steps: 50Hz, 160Hz, 500Hz, 1.6kHz, 5kHz, 16kHz. All potentiometers are of 100kΩ linear type. The circuit provides adequate boost / cut for normal use.

power supply for the circuit can be derived from the amplifier / preamplifier itself. The wide rangeof supply voltage (6V-20V) makes the circuit very versatile. Power consumption is negligible.

list Component

R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6 : 27kΩ     C1: 100n      C6: 300pF
R7:  470kΩ                   C2: 33n       C7: 100uF/16V
R8:  330kΩ                   C3: 10n       C8: 4.7uF/16V
R9:  100kΩ                   C4: 3.3n      C9: 47uF/16V
R10: 4.7kΩ                   C5: 1n        IC1: 741 Op amp
R11: 4.7kΩ
VR1,VR2,VR3,VR4,VR5,VR6: 100kΩ Linear Potentiometers

Rangkaian 400W MOSFET Amplifier

2011-05-01T10:08:00.005+07:00

These amplifiers circuit can be used for virtually any application that requires high performance, low use Noise, distortion and excellent sound quality. Examples would be subwoofer amplifier should FOH stage Amplifiers, surround a canal a very powerful sound amplifier, etc. The 400W MOSFET-amplifier has four key stages of amplification. We are looking to start any Phase appropriate detail.

Skema Rangkaian 400W MOSFET Amplifier

Note:

Use + /-70V 10A DC dual supply for powering the circuit.
For L1 make 12turns of enameled copper wire on a 1cm him: plastic formers.
use 8 x IRFP448 MOSFETs in the final stages
Heat sink is Necessary for the MOSFETs. A 8x4x4 inch finned aluminum heat sink will do. There is no such thing as a heat sink That is too large.

As the name suggests All Q ,C and ZD the Bias and buffer phases. Its main goal is to provide a stable MOSFET Gates and offset voltage and the voltage buffer amplifier stage of the High Resource capacity. What would have without the phase response and the effect Slew rate is indeed very bad. The flip side of the coin is not the extra step Introduction of an additional dominant pole in the amplifier feedback loop.

Also to what the name suggests this stage converts the voltage developed in the VAS and provides all the amps required to drive at 8 or 4 ohms. 2-ohm loads are possible for several minutes at a time. In fact, I have tested more than 1600 1kW amplifier Watts RMS at 2 ohms. But that would not be recommended as a long-term exposure at all. If it is higher than the figures of the STI-amp. Power to the AV amplifier 800 The components of the power for this amplifier are as follows, and are favored A channel or a power module alone. 1 toroidal transformer with a rating of 1kVA. Primary windings are made to fit

Audio Peak Level Indicator By Op-Amp

2011-05-01T06:45:00.005+07:00

simple circuit PEAK indicator of foliage of the musical signal. This circuit was designed to provide a valuable test equipment tool for sound reinforcement systems like sound amplifiers and the like. The circuit is formed by an input buffer and ac to dc voltage converter (IC1A) feeding a window comparator (IC2A, IC2B, IC2C) which illuminates one of three LEDs at a time.

Skema Rangkaian Audio Peak Level Indicator By Op-Amp

No setup is required: if correct values are used for resistors R3 to R7, LED D1 will illuminate at 0dB input (0.775V RMS), LED D2 at +5dB input (1.378V RMS) and LED D3 at +10dB (2.451V RMS).

The circuit was optimized for low current consumption as it was intended for battery operation. To achieve this, the best arrangement has proven to be the one using two different op-amp types for IC1 and IC2. In fact the LM393 IC was not operating satisfactorily as dot-mode LED driver, whereas the LM324 was unable to charge C2 in the linear way, as expected. Therefore, the final circuit is some op-amp wasting, but the small added cost will be quickly compensated by battery savings.

List Component:

R1    : 300K         D1,D2,D3 : LEDs
R2    : 1M2          IC1      : LM393
R3    : 510K         IC2      : LM324
R4    : 220K         IC3      : 78L05
R5    : 91K          SW1      : SPST  Toggle or Slider Switch
R6    : 160K         B1: 9V  PP3 Battery
R7    : 56K
R8,R9 : 100R
R10   : 220R
C1    : 100nF
C2    : 1µF/63V
C3    : 10µF/25V

DC Motor Controller Circuit Using 741 Op-Amp

2011-04-06T21:28:00.003+07:00

This DC motor controller circuit using a 741 operational amplifier operating as a voltage follower where its non inverting input is connected to the speed and rotation direction of a potentiometer VR1. When VR1 is at mid position, the op-amp output is near zero and both Q1 and Q2 is OFF.

When VR1 is turned towards the positive supply side, the output will go positive voltage and Q1 will supply the current to the motor and Q2 will be OFF. When VR1 is turned to the negative supply side, the op-amp output switches to the negative voltage and Q1 will turn OFF and Q2 ON which reverses the rotation of the motor's direction.

Skema Rangkaian DC Motor Controller Using 741 Op-Amp

741 Op-Amp Pinout

As the potentiometer VR1 is moved toward either end, the speed increases in whichever direction it is turning. The TIP3055 Q1 NPN power transistor has a collector current specs of 15A and VCE0 of 60V DC. The MJE34 Q2 PNP power transistor has a collector current specs of 10A and VCE0 of 40V DC.

Rangkaian 3V FM Transmitter

2011-04-06T21:04:00.004+07:00

This 3V FM transmitter is about the simplest and most basic transmitter to build and have a useful transmitting range. It is surprisingly powerful despite its small component count and 3V operating voltage. It will easily penetrate over three floors of an apartment building and go over 300 meters in the open air.

The circuit is basically a radio frequency (RF) oscillator that operates around 100 MHz. Audio picked up andamplified by the electret microphone is fed into the audio amplifier stage built around the first transistor. Output from the collector is fed into the base of the second transistor where it modulates the resonant frequency of the tank circuit (the 5 turn coil and the trimcap) by varying the junction capacitance of the transistor. Junction capacitance is a function of the potential difference applied to the base of the transistor. The tank circuit is connected in a Colpitts

Skema Rangkaian 3V FM transmitter

Place the transmitter about 10 feet from a FM radio. Set the radio to somewhere about 89 - 90 MHz. Walk back tothe FM transmitter and turn it on. Spread the winding of the coil apart by approximately 1mm from each other. No coilwinding should be touching another winding. Use a small screw driver to tune the trim cap. Remove the screwdriverfrom the trim screw after every adjustment so the LC circuit is not affected by stray capicitance. Or use a plasticscrewdriver. If you have difficulty finding the transmitting frequency then have a second person tune up and downthe FM dial after every adjustment. One full turn of the trim cap will cover its full range of capacitance from 6pF to 45pF. The normal FM band tunes in over about one tenth of the full range of the tuning cap.

So it is best to adjust it in steps of 5 to 10 degrees at each turn. So tuning takes a little patience but is not difficult. The reason that there must be at least 10 ft. separation between the radio and the FM transmitter is that the FM transmitter emits harmonics; it does not only emit on one frequency but on several different frequencies close to each other. You should have little difficulty in finding the Tx frequency when you follow this procedure.

25V Capacitor Bank for OCL Amplifier

2011-04-06T19:00:00.004+07:00

Rangkaian 25V Capacitor Bank

The circuit diagram below shows how the +25V DC and -25V DC are obtained. In order to provide power supply for stereo amplifiers, a power transformer rating of 80VA with 240V/36V centre tapped secondary winding is used. The secondary output of the transformer is rectified by using four 1N5401 diodes together with 4 electrolytic capacitors to smoothen the ripple voltage. A fuse and a varistor are connected at the primary input to protect the circuit against power surge. Here you can see the circuit’sdiagram diagram

Skeme Rangkaian 25V Capacitor Bank for OCL Amplifier

Although shown with 4,700uF filter capacitors, larger ones may be used. Anything beyond 10,000uF is too expensive, and will not improve performance to any worthwhile degree. Probably the best is to use two 4,700uF caps per side (four in all). This will actually work better than a single 10,000uF device, and will be cheaper as well.

It is essential that fuses are used for the power supply. While they will not stop the amp from failing (no fuse ever does), they will prevent catastrophic damage that would result from not protecting the circuit from over-current conditions.

35W Audio Amplifier Circuit by STK082

2011-03-23T05:14:00.004+07:00

Here is a 35W audio amplifier circuit built based on single Amplifier chip STK082. This is a very simple amplifier, very easy to build and produce sound output with a fairly large power of 35 watts into 8 Ohm loads.

Skema rangkaian STK082 - 35W audio Amplifier

This amplifier circuit is suitable for home power audio devices. The STK082 amplifier specifications might lead you to believe that it can use supply voltages of up to ±43V. but I don't recommend anything greater than ±25V if 8 ohm loads are expected, although ±30V will be fine if you can provide good heatsinking.

Rangkaian Audio Surround Decoder

2011-03-23T03:53:00.006+07:00

This circuit has been created to design a decoder circuit that will operate in a module that would produce an audio surround sound.

Skema Rangkaian Audio Surround sound Decoder

The operation of the above circuits starts as the stereo sound signal transports surround sound information on the master volume part of the circuit. This will drive the Left channel Lch attached to Model TL072 IC1A and IC1b in which Right channel Rch is attached. The outputs on these operational amplifiers would serve as the input buffer to the following stages of the circuit. IC2C is responsible for summing up the signals from the left and right channels that will power the central loudspeaker output while IC2D is responsible for increasing the phase difference between left and right channels which is encoded in the two channels and will be fed to the rear loudspeakers. It is necessary to ensure that the negative terminals between the rear speaker is not earthed because they will simply function in parallel with the main speakers.

The output of IC2D will power regulated delay unit of audio to the rear loudspeakers. This would lead to the creation of proper sense of spacing in accordance to the size of the room. This will incorporate op-amp sound delay signal IC5 MN3004 which has 512 stages. Since IC4 MN3101 is a clocking signal, it provides timing to IC5 as it functions as an oscillator in the circuit. Variable capacitor C17 regulates the delay time in the circuit. The presence of filters in the circuit is for the purpose of preventing noise that will be produced during the process. These filters can be regulated to cut the frequencies above 8 KHz and under 100 Hz, to be able to drive the rear speaker. The rear loudspeaker is small in size because its input is encoded with a bandwidth of 100 Hz up to 8 KHz. The filters are built around the IC6A/B which is also an output buffer. A potentiometer is placed in every output to aid in the adjustment and regulation of loudspeakers and amplifiers. The supplied power in the circuit is 15 V and every output can drive a single power amplifier.

List Compoment

R1-2-7-8-12-13-18-19-20 : 47Kohm
R3-4-5-6-21-22-34-35    : 10Kohm
R9-10-11-14-15-16-17    : 15Kohm
R23-24-25-33-36         : 100ohm
R26-27-28-31-32         : 100Kohm
R29-30                  : 5.6Kohm
C1-8                    : 47uF/25V
C2-7-9-14-23            : 47nF
C3-6                    : 1uF/100V
C4-5-10                 : 33pF
C11-12-15               : 10uF/25V
C13                     : 82nF
C16                     : 18pF
C17                     : 100pF mini adjustable capacitor
C18                     : 2.2nF
C19                     : 4.7uF/25V
C20                     : 100nF
C21                     : 10nF
C22                     : 180pF
C24                     : 150nF
RV1-RV2                 : 2 X 10Kohm  Log. pot.
RV3-4                   : 10K Log pot.
D1                      : 1N4148
IC1-6                   : TL072
IC2-3                   : TL074
IC4                     : MN3101
IC5                     : MN3004

This Audio Surround Decoder circuit from www.circuit-projects.com

Rangkaian Charger aki 6 Volt

2011-03-23T02:55:00.003+07:00

Here is the circuit diagram of a low cost charger for 6 volt batteries. This circuit requires a regulated 10V-DC front end capable of supplying 2 Amps. Begins the charge period at 240mA and at full charge switches automatically to a float condition of 12mA. The capacitors should be the electrolytic 25V or greater.

Skema Rangkaian Charger aki 6 Volt

Switching transistor T1 is an TIP31C NPN transistor, Si-Power Output/SW, with a TO-220 case and can be changed by using a appropriate substitute such as the NTE291, ECG291, etc. Timer/Oscillator U1 is a 8-pin NE555V and can be changed with a NTE955M or ECG955M. Resistors R4, R5, R6, and R7 are 1% metal film types.

100Watt Inverter Circuit by IRF44 Mosfet

2011-03-23T01:15:00.004+07:00

This inverter circuit will provide a very stable 230V Output Voltage. Frequency of operation is determined by a VR1 and is normally set to 60 Hz. Various “off the shelf” transformers can be used. Or Custom wind your own for best results. Additional MosFets can be paralleled for higher power. It is recommended to Have a “Fuse” in the Power Line and to always have a “Load connected”, while power is being applied. The Fuse should be10 Amps per 100 watts of output. The Power leads must be heavy enough wire to handle this High Current Draw

Skema Rangkaian 100Watt Inverter by IRF44 Mosfet

Absolute Maximum Ratings of IRF44 Mosfet

Continuous Drain Current (25°C, 10V) = 49 A
Continuous Drain Current ( 100°C, 10V) = 35 A
Pulsed Drain Current = 160 A
Power Dissipation = 94 W
Gate-to-Source Voltage = ± 20 V
Avalanche Current = 25 A
Operating Junction = -55 to + 175

12VDC to 220VAC Inverter Circuit Using IC 555

2011-03-07T00:39:00.003+07:00

This is a simple 12VDC to 220AC inverter circuit that can be used produces an AC output at line frequency and 220AC or different voltage by selecting transformer T1. The 555 IC is configured as a low-frequency oscillator, tunable over the frequency range of 50 to 60 Hz by Frequency potentiometer R4.

12VDC to 220VAC Inverter Circuit

The 555 feeds its output (amplified by Q1 and Q2) to the input of transformer T1, a reverse-connected filament transformer with the necessary step-up turns ratio. Capacitor C4 and coil L1 filter the input to T1, assuring that it is effectively a sine wave. Adjust the value of T1 to your voltage. The output ( in watts) is up to you by selecting different components.

Input voltage is anywhere from +5V to +15Volt DC, adjust the 2700uF cap's working voltage accordingly. Replacement types for Q1 are: TIP41B, TIP41C, NTE196, ECG196, etc. Replacement types for Q2 are: TIP42B, TIP42C, NTE197, ECG197, etc.

Smoke Detector circuit Using LDR

2011-03-04T05:26:00.002+07:00

This is a simple Smoke Detector circuit based on a LDR and lamp pair for sensing the fire. It uses a very simple approach to detecting smoke in the air. The alarm works by sensing the smoke produced during fire. The circuit produces an audible alarm when the fire breaks out with smoke.

Smoke Detector circuit using LDR

When there is no smoke the light from the bulb will be directly falling on the LDR.The LDR resistance will be low and so the voltage across it (below .6V).The transistor will be OFF and nothing happens. When there is sufficient smoke to mask the light from falling on LDR, the LDR resistance increases and so do the voltage across it.Now the transistor will switch to ON.This gives power to the IC1 and it outputs 5V.This powers the tone generator IC2 to play a music.This music will be amplified by IC3 to drive the speaker.

The diode D1 and D2 in combination drops 1.4 V to give the rated voltage (3.5V ) to UM66 .UM 66 cannot withstand more than 4V.

Car Parking Sensor circuit Using Infra-Red LED

2011-03-04T04:54:00.008+07:00

This circuit can be used for an assist in parking the car near the garage wall backing up Pls. LED D7 illuminates Pls bumper-wall distance is about 20 cm., D7 + D6 illuminate at about 10 cm. and D7 + D6 + D5 at about 6 cm. In this manner you are alerted Pls approaching too close to the wall.

Car Parking Sensor circuit

All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, you can use this circuit in other applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc.

Note:

The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. The 3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height making them well visible by the car driver.
The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (without a reflecting object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 is clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.

List Component of Car Parking Sensor circuit:

R1             : 10K
R2,R5,R6,R9    : 1K
R3             : 33R
R4,R11         : 1M
R7             : 4K7
R8             : 1K5
R10,R12-R14    : 1K
C1,C4          : 1µF/63V
C2             : 47pF
C3,C5          : 100µF
D1             : Infra-red LED
D2             : Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)
D3,D4          : 1N4148
D5-7           : LEDs (Any color and size)
IC1            : NE555
IC2            : LM324
IC3            : LM7812

UM3561 - Simple Sound Effects Generator Circuit

2011-02-21T18:30:00.001+07:00

This is a very simple. The IC UM3561 produces four differen sound effects, the output at Pin 3 being amplified by the transistor 2N2222. A 64 ohm loudspeaker can be substituted in place of the 56 ohm resistor and 8 ohm loudspeaker.

Skema Rangkaian Sound Effects Generator

The 2 pole 4 way switch controls the sound effects. Position 1 (as drawn) being a Police siren, position 2 is a fire engine sound, 3 is an ambulance and position 4 is a machine gun effect.

Note:
The IC sound generator UM3561 is now available in a kt from Maplin Electronics. Click here for the link.

Op-Amp 6-Line Audio Mixer Circuit

2011-02-21T17:57:00.007+07:00

As with any audio mixer circuit, a slight loss is always introduced. The final summing amplifier has a gain of 2 or 6dB to overcome this. The Input line level should be around 200mV RMS.

Skema Rangkaian 6-Line Audio Mixer based Op-Amp

The mic inputs are amplified about 100 times or 40dB, the total gain of the mixer including the summing amplifier is 46dB. The mic input is designed for microphones with outputs of about 2mV RMS at 1 meter. Most dynamic microphones meet this standard.

The choice of IC op-amp is not critical in this circuit. Bipolar, FET input or MOS type op-amps can therefore be used; i.e 741, LF351, TL061, TL071, CA3140 etc. The power supply is a dual positive and negative supply, two 9 Volt batteries may be used as shown above or a power supply is recommended for longer periods of use

Water Activated Alarm Using IC 555 Circuit

2011-02-21T17:18:00.004+07:00

This Water Activated Alarm circuit uses a NE555 timer wired as an astable oscillator and powered by the emitter current of the transistor BC109C. Under dry conditions, the transistor will from have no bias current and be fully off. As the probes get wet, a small current flows Between the base and emitter and the transistor switches on. A larger current flows in the collector circuit enabling the IC NE555 osillator to sound.

Skema Rangkaian Water Activated Alarm

Probe/contacts may use a non-reactive metal. Gold or silver plated contacts from an old relay May be Used, however a cheap alternative is to wire alternate copper strips from a piece of veroboard. These will eventually oxidize over but as very little current is flowing in the base circuit, the higher impedance the caused by oxidization is not Important. No base resistor is Necessary as the transistor is in emitter follower, current limit being the impedance at the emitter (the oscillator circuit).

Circuit from: www.epanorama.net

LM390 Simple 2-Way intercom Circuit

2011-02-11T02:44:00.004+07:00

This is a very simple two way intercom circuit based on a LM390 audio amplifier circuit . the intercom circuit is a stand-alone electronic communications system intended for limited or private dialogue. For this circuit you can use a 8 ohms speaker, one for each station and require a 6 volts dc power supply. Gain control can be done by capacitively coupling a resistor (or FET) from pin 6 to ground.

LM390 Simple 2-Way intercom Circuit

LM390 Pin out

The LM390 Power Audio Amplifier is optimized for 6V, 7.5V, 9V operation into low impedance loads. The gain is internally set at 20 to keep the external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 2 and 6 wil increase the gain to any value up to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output is automatically biased to one half the supply voltage.

Triangle and Squarewave Generator Using Op-Amp

2011-02-11T02:02:00.004+07:00

The circuit shows a simple triangle and squarewave generator using a common LM1558 dual op-amp to produce very low frequencies to about 10 KHz. The time interval for one half cycle is about R*C and the outputs will supply about 10mA. Triangle amplitude can be altered by adjusting the 47k resistor and waveform offset can be removed by adding a capacitor in series with the output.

Absolute Maximum Ratings Of Op-Amp LM1558 IC

Supply Voltage ±22V
Power Dissipation 400 mW
Differential Input Voltage ±30V
Input Voltage (Note 3) ±15V
Operating Temperature Range −55°C to +125°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 260°C

Rangkaian Alat Bantu Pendengaran

2011-01-23T04:17:00.005+07:00

This circuit, connected to 32 Ohm impedance mini-earphones, can detect very remote sounds. Useful for theatre, cinema and lecture goers: every word will be clearly heard. You can also listen to your television set at a very low volume, avoiding to bother relatives and neighbors. Even if you have a faultless hearing, you may discover unexpected sounds using this device: a remote bird twittering will seem very close to you.

Skema Rangkaian Alat Bantu Pendengaran

The heart of the circuit is a constant-volume control amplifier. All the signals picked-up by the microphone are amplified at a constant level of about 1 Volt peak to peak. In this manner very low amplitude audio signals are highly amplified and high amplitude ones are limited. This operation is accomplished by Q3, modifying the bias of Q1 (hence its AC gain) by means of R2.
A noteworthy feature of this circuit is 1.5V battery operation.

List Component

P1        : 22K   Log. Potentiometer
R1,R9     : 10K
R2        : 1M
R3        : 4K7
R4,R7     : 100K
R5        : 3K9
R6        : 1K5
R8        : 100R
C1,C2     : 100nF
C3,C6     : 1µF/63V
C4        : 10µF/25V
C5        : 470µF/25V
D1        : 1N4148
Q1,Q2,Q3  : BC547
Q4        : BC337
MIC1      : electret microphone
SW1       : SPST Switch
J1        : Stereo 3mm. Jack socket
B1        : 1.5V Battery (AA or AAA cell etc.)

Circuit from: www.sound.westhost.com

30W Mini Mosfet Amplifier

2011-01-10T18:49:00.006+07:00

This mini mosfet amplifier project was a sort of challenge: designing an audio amplifier capable of delivering a decent output power with a minimum parts count, without sacrificing quality. The Power Amplifier section employs only three transistors and a handful of resistors and capacitors in a shunt feedback configuration but can deliver more than 18W into 8 Ohm and up to 30W into a 4 Ohm load.

Skema Rangkaian Mini Mosfet Amplifier

To obtain such a performance and to ensure overall stability of this very simple circuitry, a suitable regulated dc power supply is mandatory. This is not a snag because it also helps in keeping noise and hum of the preamp to very low levels and guarantees a predictable output power into different load impedances. Finally, as the amplifier requires only a single rail supply, a very good dc voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 2 Ampare/40V can be implemented with a few parts also.

How to Setup of this Amplifier Circuit

Connect the Power Supply Unit to the Power Amplifier
Rotate the cursor of R4 fully towards Q1 Collector.
Set the cursor of R3 to about the middle of its travel.
Connect a suitable loudspeaker or a 8 Ohm 20W resistor to the amplifier output.
Connect a Multimeter, set to measure about 50V fsd, across the positive end of C5 and the negative ground.
Switch on the supply and rotate R3 very slowly in order to read about 23V on the Multimeter display.
Switch off the supply, disconnect the Multimeter and reconnect it, set to measure at least 1Amp fsd, in series to the positive supply (the possible use of a second Multimeter in this place will be very welcomed).
Switch on the supply and rotate R4 very slowly until a reading of about 120mA is displayed.
Check again the voltage at the positive end of C5 and readjust R3 if necessary.
If R3 was readjusted, R4 will surely require some readjustment.
Wait about 15 minutes, watch if the current is varying and readjust if necessary.
12. Please note that R3 and R4 are very sensitive: very small movements will cause rather high voltage or current variations, so be careful.
13. Those lucky enough to reach an oscilloscope and a 1KHz sine wave generator, can drive the amplifier to the maximum output power and adjust R3 in order to obtain a symmetrical clipping of the sine wave displayed.

List Componet

R1    : 2K2  1/4W Resistor
R2    : 27K  1/4W Resistor
R3,R4 : 2K2  1/2W Trimmers Cermet or Carbon (or 2K)
R5    : 100R 1/4W Resistor
R6    : 1K   1/4W Resistor
R7,R8 : 330R 1/4W Resistors

C1    : 22µF/25V
C2    : 47pF/63V
C3,C4 : 100µF/50V
C5    : 2200µF/50V

Q1    : BC550C  NPN Transistor
Q2    : IRF530  N-Channel Hexfet Transistor (or MTP12N10)
Q3    : IRF9530 P-Channel Hexfet Transistor (or MTP12P10)

Circuit From: www.redcircuits.com

9 Volt Portable Headphone Amplifier Circuit

2011-01-10T17:50:00.007+07:00

Here I present a very simple and powerful headphone amplifier Circuit using NE5534/2 . In addition to the IC NE5534/2, the circuit uses only few passive components and can easily generate a lot of sound from even the most inefficient headphones and there will be no compromise for the quality.

Circuit of 9 Volt Portable Headphone Amplifier

The 5534/2 is a low-distortion, low-noise device, having also the ability to drive low-impedance loads to a full voltage swing while maintaining low distortion. Furthermore, it is fully output short-circuit proof. Therefore, this circuit was implemented with a single 5532 chip forming a pair of stereo, inverting amplifiers, having an ac gain of about 3.5 and capable of delivering up to 3.6V peak-to-peak into a 32 Ohm load (corresponding to 50mW RMS) at less than 0.025% total harmonic distortion (1kHz & 10kHz).

List Component of Portable Headphone Amplifier

P1 = 22K
R1 = 18K
R2 = 68K
R3 = 68K
R4 = 68K
R5 = 18K
R6 = 68K
C1 = 4.7uF/25v
C2 = 4.7uF/25v
C3 = 22pF
C4 = 220uF/25v
C5 = 220uF/25v
C6 = 4.7uF/25v
C7 = 22pF
C8 = 220uF/25v
J1 = 3.5mm Stereo Jack
B1 = 9V Alkaline Battery
IC1 = NE5532 or NE5534
SW1 = SPST Toggle Switch

Circuit From: www.redcircuits.com

Darlington Pair to Drive DC motor Circuit

2011-01-10T06:39:00.005+07:00

A normal variable resistor cannot directly control the speed of a motor since motors draw large amounts of current which would burn out the potentiometer. Instead, the small amount of current that the potentiometer can pass can be amplified into order to run the motor. This amplification can be achieved using Darlington Pair of transistors.

Darlington Pair to Drive DC motor Circuit

Pin-out BFY61 & TIP31C Transistor

The circuit above shows a linear potentiometer connected Between Vs and 0V Such That the voltage at its wiper terminal will of always be somewhere at or Between these two voltages. The small amount of current flowing out of the potentiometer's wiper is amplified by two transistors, connected together in a configuration known as a 'Darlington pair'. The current from the potentiometer is amplified by the first transistor, and then again by the second transistor, greatly Increasing the amount of current That cans be controlled by the potentiometer.

There are, however, a couple of disadvantages of this simple circuit. Firstly, about 0.7V is lost in EACH of the transistor, so the maximum voltage cans That ever be applied to the motor is Vs - 1.4V. Secondly, the transistors are not absolutely linear so the change in motor speed for a given rotation of the potentiometer will from some more subtle in the middle of its range. Because a motor is an inductive load, it will from Produce a 'back-emf' Could the which damage to the second transistor. The 1N4148 signal diode prevents this damage by shorting out the back-emf.

The power supply for this circuit should preferably be un-smoothed (i.e. directly from the power supply rectifier). This helps prevent the motor 'sticking' at low speeds. With the TIP31C transistor given, the maximum power supply voltage may be 60V and the maximum motor current consumption may be 3A.

Source: www.eleinmec.com

Rangkaian 8038 frequency | Signal Generator

2011-01-10T04:34:00.006+07:00

frequency | Signal Generator circuit is a circuit that produces a variety of different waveforms at a desired frequency. It can generate Sine waves, Square waves, Triangular and Sawtooth waveforms as well as other types of output waveforms. There are many "off-the-shelf" waveform generator IC's available and all can be incorporated into a circuit to produce the different periodic waveforms.

Skema Rangkaian 8038 frequency | Signal Generator

IC 8038 Pinout

One such device is the 8038 a precision waveform generator IC capable of producing sine, square and triangular output waveforms, with a minimum number of external components or adjustments. Its operating frequency range can be selected over eight decades of frequency, from 0.001Hz to 300kHz, by the correct choice of the external R-C components.

The frequency of oscillation is highly stable over a wide range of temperature and supply voltage changes and frequencies as high as 1MHz is possible. Each of the three basic waveform outputs, sine, triangle and square are simultaneously available from independent output terminals. The frequency range of the 8038 is voltage controllable but not a linear function. The triangle symmetry and hence the sine wave distortion are adjustable.

Bistable Multivibrator Using IC 555 Circuit

2011-01-09T17:13:00.006+07:00

555 Bistable Multivibrator circuit acts as a basic flip-flop. The Output will stable in two states: output high and output low. The switching of the output waveform is achieved by controlling the Trigger and Reset inputs which are held "HIGH" by the two pull-up resistors, R1 and R2. By taking the Trigger input (pin 2) "LOW", switch in Set position, changes the output state into the "HIGH" state and by taking the Reset input (pin 4) "LOW", switch in Reset position, changes the output into the "LOW" state. This 555 timer circuit will remain in either state indefinitely and is therefore bistable. Then the Bistable 555 timer is stable in both states, "HIGH" and "LOW".

Skema Rangkaian 555 Bistable Multivibrator

Note:

Trigger (555 pin 2) makes the output high, Trigger is 'active low', it functions when <>
Reset (555 pin 4) makes the output low. Reset is 'active low', it resets when <>
The power-on reset, power-on trigger and edge-triggering circuits can all be used as described above for the

IC 555 Monostable Circuit

2011-01-08T10:25:00.005+07:00

Monostable circuit produces one pulse of a set length in response to a trigger input Such as a push button. The output of the circuit stays in the low state Until there is a trigger input, Hence the name "monostable" meaning "one stable state".

This type of circuit is ideal for use in a "push to operate" system for a model displayed at EXHIBITIONS. A visitor cans push a button to start a model's mechanism, moving, and the mechanism will from automatically switches off after a set time.

The circuit diagram of the 555 monostable circuit is given as follows.

Monostable Using IC 555 Circuit

IC 555 Pinout

Note:

resistor value R and the capacitor value C are unspecified. The values of these components determine the length of time that the monostable output is in the high state, and they may be calculated using the equation below
T = 1.1RC or R = T/1.1C

In the monostable mode, the timer 555 acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator. The pulse Begins Pls the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input That falls below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, the which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends Pls the charge on the C equals 2 / 3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width cans be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C

High Voltage Meter or Probe Design

2010-12-29T02:02:00.004+07:00

Common voltmeters, digital or analog, usually range to some hundred volts maximum. Higher voltages not only cannot be indicated, but will also destroy the instrument. However, the range of any voltmeter can easily be extended using extra series resistance, as shown in the figure. Calculating the necessary resistance implies knowledge of the input impedance of the voltmeter.

Circuit and formula for constructing high voltage probes. For example, let's assume we want to extend the range of a standard digital voltmeter (input impedance 10MOhm) to 100kV. The maximum DC voltage the meter can take is 1000V. This means we need an external 1GOhm high voltage resistor in series with the meter. The total voltage ios given by the value indicatedby the meter, times 100. If we wanted to read the voltage in kV directly, we would need a resistor 1000 times as large as the input impedance of the voltmeter, i.e. 10GOhm.

Such home-brew high voltage probes are good for DC only. For AC voltages, capacitive input impedance of the meter and capacity of the probe must be matched, which is difficult to achieve because of parasitic capacitance of the resistor chain. A few pF (the capacitance of a 1cm radius metallic sphere) make a big difference, especially at higher frequencies.

Source: kronjaeger.com

Rangkaian Transistor Tester

2010-12-29T01:17:00.004+07:00

The circuit shown below is a simple circuit transistor tester. In some digital and analog avometer now mostly been contained this feature, but it can not hurt us a little more creative. This circuit can also be used to detect whether a transistor is NPN / PNP.

Skema Rangkaian Transistor Tester

Circuit operation is as follows. The 555 timer is set up as a multi-vibrator 12hz. The output on pin 3 drives the 4027 flip-flop. This flip-flop divides the input frequency by two and delivers complementary voltage outputs to pin 15 and 14. The outputs are connected to LED1 and LED2 through the current limiting resistor R3. The LED's are Arranged so Pls That the polarity across the circuit is one way only one LED will from light and Pls the polarity reverses the other LED light earnest, therefore Pls no transistor is connected to the tester the LED's will from alternately flash. Also The 4027 outputs are connected to resistors R4 and R5 with the junction of these two resistors connected to the base of the transistor being tested. With a good transistor connected to the tester, the transistor will of turn on and Produce a short across the LED pair. If a good NPN transistor is connected then LED1 will from flash by Itself and if a good PNP transistor is connected then LED2 will from flash by Itself. If the transistor is open both LED's will from flash and if the transistor is shorted then neither LED will from flash.

IC NE555 Pinout

IC 4027 Pinout

Rangkaian Regulator Variable Sederhana

2010-12-28T00:28:00.004+07:00

Regulator Variable Sederhana

A simple but less efficient method of controlling a DC voltage is to use a voltage divider and transistor emitter follower configuration. The figure below illustrates using a 1K pot to set the base voltage of a medium power NPN transistor.

Skema Rangkaian Regulator Variable Sederhana

The collector of the NPN feeds the base of a larger PNP power transistor which supplies most of the current to the load. The output voltage will be about 0.7 volts below the voltage of the wiper of the 1K pot so the output can be adjusted from 0 to the full supply voltage minus 0.7 volts. Using two transistors provides a current gain of around 1000 or more so that only a couple milliamps of current is drawn from the voltage divider to supply a couple amps of current at the output.

Note that this circuit is much less efficient than the 555 timer dimmer circuit using a variabe duty cycle switching approach. A fairly large heat sink is required to prevent the PNP power transistor from overheating. The advantage of the circuit is simplicity, and also that it doesn't generate any RF interference as a switching regulator does. The circuit can be used as a voltage regulator if the input voltage remains constant.

Simple switch-Off Time Delay Circuit

2010-12-28T00:12:00.002+07:00

Designing a switch off delay circuit is quite simple and will cost you no more than $5 to make. All parts can be picked up from Radio Shack or Fry's if you have them as well as Parts Express. This will cover the mechanical aspects of it - theoretical topics can come later. If you suffer from pops on your amps or any other components, this will help you eliminate it, but it does not work in all cases.

Simple switch-Off Time Delay Circuit

Designing a swictch off delay circuit is quite simple and will cost you no more than $5 to make. All parts can be picked up from Radio Shack or Fry's if you have them as well as Parts Express. This will cover the mechanical aspects of it - theoretical topics can come later. If you suffer from pops on your amps or any other components, this will help you eliminate it, but it does not work in all cases.

The two circuits di atas illustrate opening a relay contact a short time after the ignition or ligh switch is turned off. The capacitor is charged and the relay is closed when the voltage at the diode anode rises to 12 volts. The circuit on the left is a common collector or emitter follower and has the advantage of one less part since a resistor is not needed in series with the transistor base. However the voltage across the relay coil will be two diode drops less than the supply voltage, or about 11 volts for a 12.5 volt input. The common emitter configuration on the right offers the advantage of the full supply voltage across the load for most of the delay time, which makes the relay pull-in and drop-out voltages less of a concern but requires an extra resistor in series with transistor base. The common emitter (circuit on the right) is the better circuit since the series base resistor can be selected to obtain the desired delay time whereas the capacitor must be selected for the common collector (or an additional resistor used in parallel with the capacitor).

The time delay for the common emitter will be approximately 3 time constants or 3*R*C. The capacitor/resistor values can be worked out from the relay coil current and transistor gain. For example a 120 ohm relay coil will draw 100 mA at 12 volts and assumming a transistor gain of 30, the base current will be 100/30 = 3 mA. The voltage across the resistor will be the supply voltage minus two diode drops or 12-1.4 = 10.6. The resistor value will be the voltage/current = 10.6/0.003 = 3533 or about 3.6K. The capacitor value for a 15 second delay will be 15/3R = 1327 uF. We can use a standard 1000 uF capacitor and increase the resistor proportionally to get 15 seconds.

Source: bowdenshobbycircuits.info

Simple Switch On Time Delay Circuit

2010-12-27T19:36:00.002+07:00

This Switch On Time Delay circuit has been designed to create a lamp switch operated electronically with an option of setting a delay in the time of execution of operation to reduce one or more lamps in a stairwell or any other places where this circuit may be useful. The circuit can be useful to control various lamp or appliances that can be connected in relay contacts.

Simple Switch On Time Delay Circuit

The circuit that takes advantage of the emitter/base breakdown voltage of an ordinary bi-polar transistor. The reverse connected emitter/base junction of a 2N3904 transistor is used as an 8 volt zener diode which creates a higher turn-on voltage for the Darlington connected transistor pair. Most any bi-polar transistor may be used, but the zener voltage will vary from about 6 to 9 volts depending on the particular transistor used. Time delay is roughly 7 seconds using a 47K resistor and 100uF capacitor and can be reduced by reducing the R or C values. Longer delays can be obtained with a larger capacitor, the timing resistor probably shouldn't be increased past 47K. This Switch On Time Delay circuit should work with most any 12 volt DC relay that has a coil resistance of 75 ohms or more. The 10K resistor connected across the supply provides a discharge path for the capacitor when power is turned off and is not needed if the power supply already has a bleeder resistor.

Sumber: http://www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info

9 Second Countdown Power-On Relay With 7 segment Display

2010-12-27T18:55:00.002+07:00

9 Second Countdown Power-On Relay Circuit

This circuit provides a 9 second delay using a 7 segment display. When the switch is closed, the CD4010 up/down counter is preset to 9 and the 555 timer is disabled with the output held high. When the switch is opened, the timer produces an approximate 1 second clock signal, decrementing the counter until the 0 count is reached. When the zero count is reached, the 'carry out' signal at pin 7 of the counter moves low, energizing the 12 volt relay and stopping the clock with a low signal on the reset line (pin 4). The relay will remain energized until the switch is again closed, resetting the counter to 9. The 1 second clock signal from the 555 timer can be adjusted slightly longer or shorter by increasing or decreasing the resistor value at pin 3 of the timer.

Note:

The circuit can be powered from a 9V PP3 battery or 12V DC power supply.
The time delay can be varied by replace the resistor value at pin 3 IC555.
The push button switch is for starting the timer.
The appliance can be connected via contacts relay.

Source: bowdenshobbycircuits.info

Driver Relay Menggunkan Transistor

2010-12-25T12:06:00.004+07:00

Basic Transistor relay driver

Bipolar transistor is a component that works based on the presence or absence of flow in the foot triggers the base. In the relay driver applications, the transistor works as a switch that at the time did not accept the current triggers, then the transistor will be in the position of the cut-off and does not conduct current, Ic = 0. And when the base receives the flow triggers, then the transistor will turn into a state of saturation and delivers current. The following is a practical circuit of relay drivers that are reliable for use in microcontroller projects.

Skema Rangkaian Driver Relay
Menggunkan Transistor

The circuit on the left is a common collector or emitter follower and has the advantage of one less part since a resistor is not needed in series with the transistor base. However the voltage across the relay coil will be two diode drops less than the supply voltage, or about 11 volts for a 12.5 volt input.

The common emitter configuration on the right offers the advantage of the full supply voltage across the load for most of the delay time, which makes the relay pull-in and drop-out voltages less of a concern but requires an extra resistor in series with transistor base. The common emitter (circuit on the right) is the better circuit since the series base resistor can be selected to obtain the desired delay time whereas the capacitor must be selected for the common collector (or an additional resistor used in parallel with the capacitor).

The time delay for the common emitter will be approximately 3 time constants or 3*R*C. The capacitor/resistor values can be worked out from the relay coil current and transistor gain. For example a 120 ohm relay coil will draw 100 mA at 12 volts and assumming a transistor gain of 30, the base current will be 100/30 = 3 mA. The voltage across the resistor will be the supply voltage minus two diode drops or 12-1.4 = 10.6. The resistor value will be the voltage/current = 10.6/0.003 = 3533 or about 3.6K. The capacitor value for a 15 second delay will be 15/3R = 1327 uF. We can use a standard 1000 uF capacitor and increase the resistor proportionally to get 15 seconds.

Source: bowdenshobbycircuits.info

Rangkaian Ampere Meter Digital

2010-12-18T13:10:00.005+07:00

This is a circuit of a digital ampere meter with 4 digit LED 7-segment display, the circuit capable of measuring the current consumption up to 10A with selected 100mA, 10mA and 1mA accuracy, and consumes only about 25mA of current. The ammeter is based on single ICL7107 chip and 3.5-digit seven segment LED displays. Due to a Relatively small number of components That the circuit is using it is possible to fit it on a small 3cm x 7cm printed circuit board.

Skema Rangkaian Ampere Meter Digital

0.01 Ohm resistor should be made out of 1.5mm thick / 5cm long copper wire. 0.1 Ohm and 1 Ohm resistors should have 5W ratings.

For highest accuracy it is recommended that the ICL7107 ampere meter module should be supplied with its own voltage supply. If measurement of the current of the same supply is needed, ICL7107 ampere meter would have to sample negative not positive voltage supply.

Brightness of the LED displays can be varied by adding or removing 1N4148 small signal diodes that are connected in series. Use two 1N4148 diodes for higher brightness.

Also, the use of 7805 5V voltage regulator is highly recommended to prevent the damage of ICL7107 and 7660 ICs. .

Source: http://electronics-diy.com

Power Meter Schematic For Audio Amplifier

2010-12-18T07:42:00.004+07:00

This is a simple schematic of audio power meter using LM3915 IC, this schematic can be used to measure the actual output power of your amplifier. For an audio engineer, this schematic Seems to be very helpful, especially for checking of sound system installation and field testing. Due to its logarithmic scale, the wide range of audio output with only ten scales cans Also be measured. If you take an attention to the pin number 5 of the LM3915, see That you will from the input is not yet Rectified. At this input pin, the negative swing will from the present. However, it is harmless since the current is limited by R1, the LM3915 earnest therefore respond only to positive cycle.

Schematic of Power Meter For Audio Amplifier

Note:

When the speaker resistance is 4Ω, then, make R1=10kΩ, if the resistance of speaker is 8Ω, make R1=8kΩ, and if the resistance of speaker is 16Ω, make R1=30kΩ.

The absence of peak detector or the detector will of averages give the circuit a fast reading of instantenous power, and this Gives us insight of both average and peak condition. For more readable peak or average mesurement, you cans use peak or average detector circuit.

source : national semiconductor application notes

Sound Level (Decibel) Meter Circuit

2010-12-18T04:27:00.005+07:00

This is a decibel meter electronic circuit, For an audio engineer, this circuit seems to be very helpful, especially for checking of sound pressure levels from about 60 to 70 Decibel (dB). EACH light represents about a 3dB change in sound level so That Pls all three lights are on, the sound level is about 4 times Greater than the level needed to light one lamp. The sensitivity cans be adjusted with the 500K pot so That one lamp comes on with a reference sound level. The other two lamps will from then indicate about a 2X and 4X increase is in volume.

Circuit of Sound Level (Decibel) Meter

In operation, with no input, the DC voltage at pins 1,2 and 3 of the op-amp will be about 4 volts, and the voltage on the (+) inputs to the 3 comparators (pins 5,10,12) will be about a half volt less due to the 1N914 diode drop. The voltage on the (-) comparator inputs will be around 5.1 and 6.5 which is set by the 560 and 750 ohm resistors.

When an audio signal is present, the 10uF capacitor connected to the diode will charge toward the peak audio level at the op-amp output at pin 1. As the volume increases, the DC voltage on the capacitor and also (+) comparator inputs will increase and the lamp will turn on when the (+) input goes above the (-) input. As the volume decreases, the capacitor discharges through the parallel 100K resistor and the lamps go out. You can change the response time with a larger or smaller capacitor.

Source: www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info

220V AC Operated Christmas Light Star Circuit

2010-12-09T01:58:00.002+07:00

Here is a simple circuit of Christmas light star that can be easily constructed even by a novice. The main advantage of this circuit is that it doesn’t require any step-down transformer or ICs.

Circuit of 220V AC Operated Christmas Light Star

Components like resistors R1 and R2, capacitors C1, C2, and C3, diodes D1 and D2, and zener ZD1 are used to develop a fairly steady 5V DC supply voltage that provides the required current to operate the multivibrator circuit and trigger triac BT136 via LED1. The multivibrator circuit is constructed using two BC548 transistors (T1 and T2) and some passive components. The frequency of the multivibrator circuit is controlled by capacitors C4 and C5 and resistors R3 through R7. The output of the multivibrator circuit is connected to transistor T3, which, in turn, drives the triac via LED1. During positive half cycles of the multivibrator’s output, transistor T3 energises triac BT136 and the lamp glows. This circuit is estimated to cost Rs 75.

Note:
This circuit directly connected to the netting of electricity, voltage 220V electricity it could sting you. Avoid working in damp and directly with ground

Circuit Design By: PRINCE PHILLIPS
Source: www.electronicsforu.com

220V AC Ultra Bright LEDs lamp Circuit

2010-12-09T01:14:00.005+07:00

This ultra-bright white LED lamp works on 230V AC circuit with minimal power consumption. Ultra-bright LEDs available in the market cost Rs 8 to 15. These LEDs emit a 1000-6000mCd bright white light, like the welding arc and work on 3 volts, 10 mA. Their maximum voltage is 3.6 volts and the current is 25 mA. Anti-static precautions taken Pls Should Be handling the LEDs. The LEDs in a water-clear plastic package emit spotlight, while diffused type LEDs have a wide-angle radiation pattern.

220V AC Ultra Bright LEDs lamp Circuit

The schematics circuit of above employs capacitive reactance for limiting the current flow through the LEDs on the application of mains voltage to the circuit. We use only if a series resistor for limiting the current with mains operation. The 100-ohm, 2W resistor series avoids heavy 'inrush' During current transients. MOV at the input prevents surges or spikes, protecting the circuit. The 390-kilo-ohm, ½-watt resistor acts as a bleeder to Provide discharge path for capacitor Cx Pls mains supply is disconnected. The zener diode at the output section prevents excess levels of reverse voltage appearing across the LEDs During the negative half-cycles. During the positive half cycle, the voltage across the LEDs is limited to the zener voltage.

16-LED/46-LED combination

Aseries combination of 16 LEDs Gives a luminance (lux) equivalent of a 12W bulb. But if you have two series combinations of 23 LEDs in parallel (Total 46 LEDs), it Gives equal to a 35W light bulb.

Diode D1 (1N4007) and capacitor C1 act as rectifying and smoothing elements to Provide DC voltages to the row of LEDs. For a 16-LED row, use Cx of 12:22 μF, 630V; C1 of 22 μF, 100V; and zener of 48V, 1W. Similarly, for 46 LEDs combination use Cx of 0:47 mF, 630V; C1 of 33 μF, 150V; and zener of 69V, 1W. This circuit (inclusive of LEDs) costs Rs 200 to Rs 400.

Source

LTC4060 - NiMH/NiCd Battery Charger Circuit

2010-12-09T00:23:00.004+07:00

This cheap and easy to build NiCd/NiMH Battery Charger circuit is suitable for automatically charging a wide range of batteries for many applications. This 'intelligent' charger was designed for high current and rapid charge applications such as cordless power tools and model racing cars. These battery packs are expensive and sometimes difficult to purchase. This charger uses the cell manufacturer's recommended charge method, to safely and quickly charge batteries.

Skema Rangkaian NiMH/NiCd Battery Charger

Linear Technology Corporation introduces the LTC4060, an autonomous 1- to 4-cell, 0.4A to 2A linear NiMH and NiCd battery charger. The LTC4060 includes all the functions required for a battery charger circuit. The design is simple and needs only three passive components. The LTC4060 also eliminates the need for a sense resistor and blocking diode, which increases efficiency and lowers the solution cost. This IC is targeted at applications including portable medical equipment, automotive diagnostic systems and industrial/telecom test devices.

The LTC4060 - NiMH/NiCd Battery Charger circuit Features

Complete Fast Charger Controller for Single, 2-, 3- or 4-Series Cell NiMH/NiCd Batteries
No Firmware or Microcontroller Required
Termination by –∆V, Maximum Voltage or Maximum Time
No Sense Resistor or Blocking Diode Required
Automatic Recharge Keeps Batteries Charged
Programmable Fast Charge Current: 0.4A to 2A
Accurate Charge Current: ±5% at 2A
Fast Charge Current Programmable Beyond 2A with External Sense Resistor
Automatic Detection of Battery
Precharge for Heavily Discharged Batteries
Optional Temperature Qualified Charging
Charge and AC Present Status Outputs Can Drive LED
Automatic Sleep Mode with Input Supply Removal
Negligible Battery Drain in Sleep Mode: <>
Manual Shutdown
Input Supply Range: 4.5V to 10V
Available in 16-Lead DFN and TSSOP Packages

Rangkaian 50Hz Accurate Oscillator

2010-12-08T23:16:00.005+07:00

This circuit is a getting a 50Hz pulse. The oscillator circuit need only provide the IC ELM446, crystal and two appropriate loading capacitors

Skema Rangkaian 50Hz Accurate Oscillator

Note:

for greater accuracy as usual, it is also good practice to place a bypass capacitor across the power supply as well

The IC ELM446 is an 8 pin digital divider integrated circuit, that provides both 50Hz and 1Hz outputs from a common 3.58MHz NTSC colourburst crystal. Externally, the designer need only provide the crystal and two appropriate loading capacitors, as well as a suitably bypassed power supply. Internal Oscillator circuits then use this reference frequency to precisely derive a stable 50Hz signal. For convenience, a complementary 50Hz signal is also provided. This signal is then further divided to provide a 1Hz signal output. By ELM Electronics

This is pinout of IC ELM446, If you need more detail please download ELM446's pdf datasheet.

Microphone Condenser Pre Amplifier Circuit

2010-12-08T19:22:00.007+07:00

This is a simple preamplifier circuit for electret condenser microphone. using a LM1458 dual op amp IC. The circuit takes the audio signal rom the condenser microphone and amplifier it, so you can use the microphone as the input to some device which wouldn’t normally accept microphone level signals .

Schematic Circuit of Microphone Electret
Condenser Pre Amplifier

The circuit requires a 6-9 volt supply. Output of the microphone amplifier can be made variable by connecting a 10kΩ potentiometer . Circuit’s gain can be increased by men perbesar the value of 47K, depending on the input sensitivity of the main amplifier system. The microphone should be housed in a small round enclosure.

List componet of condenser pre-amp mic circuit

Q1,Q2    : LM1458 Op-Amp
R1,R2,R3 : 4.7k ohm resistor
R4, R5   : 10k ohm resistor
R6,R7    : 47k ohm resistor
C1,      : 0.22uF ceramic capacitor
C2       : 1uF ceramic capacitor

Absolute maximum ratings of LM 1458 IC

Supply Voltage               :  ±18V
Power Dissipation            : 400 mW
Differential Input Voltage   : ±30V
Input Voltage                : ±15V  
Output Short-Circuit Duration: Continuous
Operating Temperature Range  : 0°C to +70°C
Storage Temperature Range    : −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature             :(Soldering, 10 sec.) 260°C

Mobile Phone Battery Charger Circuit

2010-12-07T03:45:00.003+07:00

This Mobile phone chargers circuit presented here comes as a low-cost alternative to charge mobile telephones/battery packs.

Circuit of Mobile Phone Battery Charger

The 220V AC mains supply is downconverted to 9V AC by transformer X1. The transformer output is rectified by diodes D1 through D4 wired in bridge configuration and the positive DC supply is directly connected to the charger’s output contact, while the negative terminal is connected through current limiting resistor R2. LED2 works as a power indicator with resistor R1 serving as the current limiter and LED3 indicates the charging status. During the charging period, about 3 volts drop occurs across resistor R2, which turns on LED3 through resistor R3. An external 12V DC supply sourcecan also be used to energise the charger, where resistor R4, after polarity protection diode D5, limits the input current to a safe value. The 3-terminal positive voltage regulator LM7806 (IC1) provides a constant voltage output of 7.8V DC since LED1 connected between the common terminal (pin 2) and ground rail of IC1 raises the output voltage to 7.8V DC. LED1 also serves as a power indicator for the external DC supply. After constructing the circuit on a veroboard, enclose it in a suitable cabinet. A small heat sink is recommended for IC1.

Circuit Design By: PRINCE PHILLIPS
Source: www.electronicsforu.com

Rangkaian On/Off 24 Hours Timer

2010-11-28T22:12:00.005+07:00

This is a circuits are multi-range timers offering periods of up to 24 hours and beyond. This circuit can be used as repeating timers - or as single-shot timers

Skema Rangkaian On/Off 24 Hours Timer

The Cmos 4060 is a 14-bit binary counter. However - only ten of those bits are connected to output pins. The 4060 also has two inverters - connected in series across pins 11, 10 & 9. Together with R3, R4, R5 and C3 - they form a simple oscillator.

While the oscillator is running - the 14-bit counter counts the number of oscillations - and the state of the count is reflected in the output pins. By adjusting R4 you can alter the frequency of the oscillator. So you can control the speed at which the count progresses. In other words - you can decide how long it will take for any given output pin to go high.

When that pin goes high - it switches the transistor - and the transistor in turn operates the relay. In single-shot mode - the output pin does a second job. It uses D1 to disable the oscillator - so the count stops with the output pin high.

If you want to use the timer in repeating mode - simply leave out D1. The count will carry on indefinitely. And the output pin will continue to switch the transistor on and off - at the same regular time intervals.

Note:

Using "Trial and Error" to set a long time period would be very tedious. A better solution is to use the Setup tables provided - and calculate the time required for Pin 7 to go high. For example, if you want a period of 9 Hours - the Range table shows that you can use the output at Pin 2. You need Pin 2 to go high after 9 x 60 x 60 = 32 400 seconds. The Setup table tells you to divide this by 512 - giving about 63 seconds. Adjust R4 so that the Yellow LED lights 63 seconds after power is applied. This will give an output at Pin 2 after about 9 Hours.
Ideally C3 should be non-polarized - but a regular electrolytic will work - provided it doesn't leak too badly in the reverse direction. Alternatively - you can simulate a non-polarized 10uF capacitor by connecting two 22uF capacitors back to back
The timers were designed for a 12-volt supply. However - provided a suitable relay is used - both circuits will work at anything from 5 to 15-volts. Applying power starts the timer. And it can be reset at any time by a brief interruption of the power supply.

Sorcer: http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/

220 Volt Disco Lamp circuit

2010-11-24T14:36:00.005+07:00

This disco lamp circuit is not a voice operated switch (VOX) because this circuit is too dumb to differentiate between musical sound or human voice. This is rather a sound activated than voice activated. One interesting application is to control your disco lighting automatically by the musical sound from high power amplifier, when the music signal is dominating the sound space. The disco lamp circuit schematic diagram is shown below.

You can use either moving coil microphone or condenser microphone for this circuit. Make sure the electrolytic capacitor is rated for 16 volt or more. The potentiometer shown in the schematic diagram is used to adjust the gain of the pre-amplification. You can adjust this potentiometer to get a proper sound level where the relay would be activated.

List Componet Of Disco Lamp circuit

R1 : 22k 1/4 watt resistor
R2 : 4K7 watt resistor
R3 : 2K2 watt resistor
R4,R8 : 10K watt resistor
R5 : 33K watt resistor
R6 : 56K watt resistor
R7 : 1M watt resistor
Potensio: 50K
C1 : 470uf/35V electrolytic capacitor
C2 : 22n ceramic capacitor
C3 : 100n ceramic capacitor
C4 : 1Uf/50V electrolyticcapacitor
D1 - D5 : 1N4007
D6 : Zener 5.1v
D7 : 1N4148
IC : CD 4069
SCR : FIR 3D
Mic : Mic Condensor

Megabass Circuit

2010-11-24T08:06:00.008+07:00

The following is megabass circuit schematic (rangkaian megabass) . The megabass circuit is a modified Baxandall tone control with no bass cut and no treble control. It boosts frequencies from about 30Hz to 160Hz can boost by 14dB.

Skema Rangkaian megabass

Note:

The input capacitor can be replaced with a .01uf cap if you wish.
The 10pf capacitor is optional and will start rolling off everything over 15kHz. 5pf will double this to 31kHz.
The tone control requires a low impedence input. If you already have a low impedence input, the input buffer can be removed. However, the output is inverted.
The opamp is not critical. A 4558 would be just fine.
I do not show the parts for the +4.5 reference. Here is the +4.5 voltage divider I used.

IC A4558 Pinning

The A4558 is a monolithic Integrated Circuit designed for dual operational amplifier.

Absolute maximum ratings of A4558 Ap-amp

Supply voltage VCC 20 or ±10 V
Differential input voltage VIND 20 V
Input voltage VIN ±10 V
Power Dissipation PD 300 mW
Operating temperature Topr -45 ~ +85 °C
Storage temperature Tstg -55 ~ +150 °C

Rangkaian Toggle Switch With Relay

2010-11-20T04:39:00.005+07:00

This circuit will energize and de-energize a relay at the push of a button. Any type of momentary action push-to-make switch can be used. Pushing the button once - will energize the relay. And pushing it a second time - will de-energize the relay

Skema Rangkaian Toggle Switch

I've drawn the circuit with a single pole relay. But you can use a multi-pole relay if it suits your application. Only one half of the Cmos 4013 is used. So you could construct two independent toggle switches with a single IC. The circuit will work at anything from 5 to 15-volts. All you need do is select a relay with a coil voltage that suits your supply.

The LED provides a visual indication that the relay is energized. In effect - it tells you whether the switch is on or off. It's not necessary to the operation of the circuit. If you wish you may leave out R3 and the LED.

Source: http://www.zen22142.zen

IC 555 Motorcycle Alarm Circuit

2010-11-20T03:54:00.004+07:00

Rangkaian Motorcycle Alarm

This circuit features an intermittent siren output and automatic reset. It can be operated manually using a key-switch or a hidden switch; but it can also be wired to set itself automatically when you turn-off the ignition. By adding external relays you can immobilize the bike, flash the lights etc. I have used Andy's Asymmetric Timer as the basis for this design.

Skema Rangkaian IC 555 Motorcycle Alarm

Any number of normally-open switches may be used. Fit "tilt" switches that close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. Use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc.

The alarm's standby current is virtually zero - so it won't drain your battery. Once activated - the rate at which the siren switches on and off is controlled by R7, R8 & C4. For example, increasing R7 will make the sound period longer - while increasing R8 gives longer silent periods.

The circuit is designed to use an electronic Siren drawing 300 to 400mA. It's not usually a good idea to use the bike's own Horn because it can be easily located and disconnected. However - if you choose to use the Horn - remember that the alarm relay is too small to carry the necessary current. Connect the coil of a suitably rated relay to the "Siren" output. This can then be used to sound the Horn, flash the lights etc.

The circuit board and switches must be protected from the elements. Dampness or condensation will cause malfunction. Connect a 1-amp in-line fuse AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to your power source. This is VERY IMPORTANT. The fuse is there to protect the wiring - not the alarm. Exactly how the system is fitted will depend on the make of your particular machine - so I'm unable to provide any further help or advice in this regard.

When you set the alarm - if one of the switches is closed - the siren will sound. This could cause annoyance late at night. A small modification will allow you to Monitor The State Of The Switches using LEDs. When the LEDs are all off - the switches are all open - and it's safe to turn the alarm on

Source: http://www.zen22142.zen

600 Watt Darlington Power Amplifier Circuit

2010-11-12T01:19:00.008+07:00

This Power amplifier circuit is based around IC audio power amplifier driver (LM4702) manufactured by NATIONAL and darlington power transistors MJ11029 - MJ11028 by ON semiconductors

Rangkaian 600 Watt
Darlington Power Amplifier

Note:

Recommended power supply voltage : 30V to 35V
Max power supply voltage : 45V

This Power amplifier circuit produces output power up to 300 watts ( 8ohms) pada masing-masing channelnya. It is a high fidelity audio power amplifier. Designed for demanding consumer and pro-audio applications. You can also use this circuit with AV receivers, Audiophile power amps, Pro Audio High voltage industrial applications etc

Amplifier output power maybe scaled by changing the supply voltage and number of output devices. The circuit includes thermal shutdown circuitry that activates when the die temperature exceeds 150. CIRCUIT mute function, when activated, mutes the input drive signal and forces the amplifier output to a quiescent state.

IC audio power amplifier driver

(LM4707) Pinning

10-Band Graphic Equalizer Circuit Diagram

2010-11-11T22:13:00.008+07:00

This circuit allows you to equlize the audio signals in 10 band. It uses low amount op-amps (TL074 - JFET op-amp) to anatomy a able blaster circuit. The affection of the architecture is a classical band-pass alive filter. The VCC is in ambit of 12 ~ 15 VDC and The VDD is in ambit of -12 ~ -15 VDC respectively.

Skema rangkaian 10-band
graphic equalizer

Note:
For more details the circuit scheme, click on the picture

As shown in the diagram, there are 10 same units that only differ in capacitance values of capacitors which determine the frequency band of each filter. The potentiometers adjust the predetermined regions of frequency in each unit.

The components must be high quality and have low tolerance, Specifically potesometer RV1... the 10 and capacitors.. The resistors must be metal-film type.

If it is intended for stereo use then it will be supposed it is made in two pieces with as much as possible suited the materials, between the channels, so that do not exist differences in the regulation of each band frequencies.

Switch S1 isolates the circuit EQ, when him we did not need and it ensures level [ flat ] response in the exit of circuit. The circuit should be connected between preamplifier and in a final power amplifier.

Component list of graphic equalizer circuit

R1-R20= 10Kohms
R21-R40= 1Mohms
R41-R10Kohms
R42= 1Kohms
R43-R52= 2.2Kohms
R53-R62= 47Kohms
R63-64-66-67= 47Kohms
R65= 10Kohms
R68-69= 47 ohms 1/2W
RV1-RV10= 100Kohms lin FADER
RV11= 10Kohms log.
C1= 180nF polyester
C2= 18nF polyester
C3= 100nF polyester
C4= 10nF polyester
C5= 47nF polyester
C6= 4.7nF polyester
C7= 22nF polyester
C8= 2.2nF polyester
C9= 12nF polyester
C10= 1.2nF polyester
C11= 5.6nF polyester
C12= 560pF polysterine
C13= 2.7nF polyester
C14= 270pF polysterine
C15= 1.5nF polyester
C16= 150pF polysterine
C17= 680pF polysterine
C18= 68pF polysterine
C19= 360pF polysterine
C20= 36pF polysterine
C21= 4.7uF polyester
C22-23= 33pF polysterine
C24= 10uF 25V
C25,C26= 47uF 25V
C27-C32= 47nF polyester
IC1-IC3= TL074
S1= 2X4 SW for stereo

Rangkaian 12VDC Fluorescent Lamp Driver

2010-10-28T22:10:00.005+07:00

Whenever there is a need for battery-powered lighting, like for camping, solar powered cottages, cars, boats, planes, or emergency purposes, fluorescent lamps have a great appeal. Firstly, they are very much more efficient than glow lamps, so they produce much more light for less power consumption. Secondly, their light color stays constant while the battery runs down.

In this article I will offer driver circuit for 12 V/5Watt fluorescent lamp, this circuit used a normal 220 to 10V stepdown transformer in reverse to step 12V to about 240V to drive a lamp without the need to warm the filaments.

Skema Rangkaian 12VDC Fluorescent Lamp Driver

Note:

Q1 (IRF510 MOSFET) must be installed on a heat sink
Dangerous ...!! Please be careful, This series contains 220 VAC that can sting you.

The IC1 TLC 555 is wired as an astable multivibrator for producing the necessary oscillations.The MOSFET Q1 is used to amplify the oscillations produced by the IC1.The out put of MOSFET is connected to the primary of the step up transformer to produce a ~240 V AC for driving the florescent lamp.

List Component:

C1 100uf /25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2,C3 100nf Ceramic Capacitor
C4 100nf /1KV Ceramic Capacitor
R1 1K Resistor
R2 2.7K Resistor
Q1 IRF510 MOSFET
U1 TLC555 Timer IC
T1 300mA, 10V/220v Transformer
LAMP 5W Fluorescent Lamp
MISC Board, Wire, Heatsink For Q1

Rangkaian Lampu LED Untuk Motor (12 Volt Battery)

2010-10-27T06:13:00.010+07:00

Lampu LED Untuk Motor

Lamp type LED has several advantages compared with the usual light when the applied on a motorcycle. In addition to more efficient battery when compared with normal hologen lamps, LED also has several other advantages, such as light more evenly and provide a luxurious feel to the vehicle.

The following are examples of simple creations that you can apply to decorate your motorcycle using the LED.

Rangkaian Lampu LED Untuk Motor

For this circuit is recommended only as a replacement motorcycle brake lights or city lights with the electrical source from the battery. Indeed in the market has many available variations of LED lights that can be used as brake lights or disco lights, but maybe some people would be proud if his own creative, hopefully circuit schemes that we present above can assist you in creating.

The following examples of applications that we apply to motorcycles mio

Rangkaian 220V Lamp Flasher

2010-10-18T04:24:00.007+07:00

The 220V Lamp Flasher circuit basically is a line powered flasher which can be used in many applications such as the Chritmas lamp. Below is the circuit schematic diagram

Skema Rangkaian 220V Lamp Flasher

Note:

Input supply - 6 ~ 12 VDC
Output - upto 200 W lamp / bulb load
Optically isolated Mains supply
Onboard preset to adjust the frequency (speed) of flashing (1 Hz to 5 Hz)
Power Battery Terminal (PBT) for easy input 230 VAC mains and load connection
Terminal pins for connecting DC power supply
Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
List Componet of 220V Lamp Flasher circuit

CN1: 6 V to 12 VDC voltage source
C1: 10uF/25V capacitor elektrolit
C2: 0.22uF/275V capacitor elektrolit
C3: 47uF/25V capacitor elektrolit
C4: 0.1uF/25V capacitor elektrolit
D1: LED
D2, D3: 1N4148 Dioda
PR1: 100K Variable resistor
PR2: 50K Variable resistor
Q1: TIC226 Triac
R1: 2k2 resistor 1/2 watt
R2, R5: 1K resistor 1/2 watt
R3: 180E resistor 1/2 watt
R4: 680E resistor 1/2 watt
U1: LM555 IC timer
U2: MOC3021
V1: 230V AC input
Z1: 100W Load

Dangerous...!!
This circuit directly connected to the netting of electricity, voltage 220V electricity it could sting you. Avoid working in damp and directly with ground

Rangkaian Radar Pompa Air (Kontrol Ketinggian Air)

2010-09-27T00:09:00.004+07:00

Radar Pompa Air (Kontrol Ketinggian Air)

By means of a Relay, employed to drive a water pump, this circuit provides automatic level control of a water reservoir or well.

Skema Rangkaian Radar Pompa air

Note:

The two steel rods must be supported by a small insulated (wooden or plastic) board.
The circuit can be used also with non-metal tanks, provided a third steel rod having about the same height of the tank will be added and connected to the circuit's negative ground.

The shorter steel rod is the "water high" sensor, whereas the longer is the "water low" sensor. When the water level is below both sensors, IC1C output (pin #10) is low; if the water becomes in contact with the longer sensor the output remains low until the shorter sensor is reached. At this point IC1C output goes high, Q1 conducts, the Relay is energized and the pump starts operating.

Now, the water level begins to decrease and the shorter sensor will be no longer in contact with the water, but IC1C output will be hold high by the signal return to pin #5 of IC1B, so the pump will continue its operation. But when the water level falls below the longer sensor, IC1C output goes low and the pump will stop.

SW1 is optional and was added to provide reverse operation. Switching SW1 in order to connect R3 to pin #11 of IC1D, the pump will operate when the reservoir is nearly empty and will stop when the reservoir is full. In this case, the pump will be used to fill the reservoir and not to empty it as in the default operating mode.

List Component

R1,R2: 15K 1/4W Resistors
R3: 10K 1/4W Resistor
R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
D1: LED
D2: 1N4148 Diode
IC1: 4001
Q1: BC337 NPN Transistor
SW1: witch
RL1: Relay with SPDT 2A @ 230V switch, Coil Voltage 12V

source

Rangkaian ON OFF Sleep Timer Switch

2010-09-01T11:12:00.007+07:00

ON/OFF Sleep Timer Switch

This timer was designed mainly to switch off a portable radio after some time: in this way, one can fall asleep on the sand or on a hammock, resting assured that the receiver will switch off automatically after some time, saving battery costs.

Skema Rangkaian ON OFF Sleep Timer Switch

R1 and C1 provide a very long time constant. When P2 is momentarily closed, C1 discharges and the near zero voltage at its positive lead is applied to the high impedance inputs of the four gates of IC1 wired in parallel. The four paralleled gate outputs of the IC go therefore to the high state and the battery voltage is available at Q1 Emitter. When P2 is released, C1 starts charging slowly through R1 and when the voltage at its positive lead has reached about half the battery voltage, the IC gate outputs fall to zero, stopping Q1. This transistor can directly drive a portable radio receiver or different devices drawing a current up to about 250mA. Connecting a Relay across the Emitter of Q1 and negative ground, devices requiring much higher voltage and current operation can be driven through its contacts.

Pushing on P2 for 1 to 5 seconds, the circuit starts and then will switch off after about 35 minutes. This time delay can be varied by changing R1 and/or C1 values. P1 will stop the timer if required. LED D1 is optional and can be useful to signal relay operation when the load is placed far from the timer.

List Component

R1: 10M 1/4W Resistor
R2: 4K7 1/4W Resistor
R3: 1K 1/4W Resistor
C1: 220µF/ 25V Electrolytic capacitor
D1: LED
D2: 1N4148
IC1: 4011 Quad 2 Input NAND Gate CMos IC
Q1: BC337
P1,P2: SPST Pushbuttons
RL1: 12V Relay

Source

Skema Dancing LEDs, Following the Rhythm of Music

2010-08-31T11:52:00.007+07:00

Dancing LEDs

The basic circuit illuminates up to ten LEDs in sequence, following the rhythm of music or speech picked-up by a small microphone. The expanded version can drive up to ten strips, formed by up to five LEDs each, at 9V supply.

Skema Rangkaian Dancing LEDs

IC1A amplifies about 100 times the audio signal picked-up by the microphone and drives IC1B acting as peak-voltage detector. Its output peaks are synchronous with the peaks of the input signal and clock IC2, a ring decade counter capable of driving up to ten LEDs in sequence.
An additional circuit allows the driving of up to ten strips, made up by five LEDs each (max.), at 9V supply. It is formed by a 10mA constant current source (Q1 & Q2) common to all LED strips and by a switching transistor (Q3), driving a strip obtained from 2 to 5 series-connected LEDs. Therefore one transistor and its Base resistor are required to drive each of the strips used.

List Component of Dancing LEDs Circuit

R1: 10K 1/4W Resistor
R2,R3: 47K 1/4W Resistors
R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
R5,R6,R7: 100K 1/4W Resistors
R8: 820R 1/4W Resistor
C1,C3: 100nF/63V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitors
C2: 10µF/50V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4: 330nF/63V Polyester Capacitor
C5: 100µF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1: 1N4148
D2-D11: LEDs (any type and color)
IC1: LM358
IC2: 4017
M1: electret microphone
SW1: SPST Switch
B1: 9V PP3 Battery

Additional circuit parts:

R9,R10: 10K 1/4W Resistors
R11: 56R 1/4W Resistor
D12,D13 etc.: LEDs (any type and color)
Q1,Q2: BC327
Q3: BC337

Note:

The sensitivity of the circuit can be varied changing R4 value.
C4 value can be varied from 220 to 470nF in order to change the circuit speed-response to music peaks.
Adopting the additional circuit, only one item for R10, R11, Q1 and Q2 is required to drive up to ten LED strips. On the contrary, one item of R9 and Q3 is necessary to drive each of the strips you decided to use.
Each R9 input must be connected to IC2 output pins, in place of the LEDs D2-D11 shown. R8 must also be omitted.
Whishing to use a lower number of LEDs or LED strips, pin #15 of IC2 must be disconnected from ground and connected to the first unused output pin.
For example: if you decided to use 5 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #1; if you decided to use 8 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #9 etc.
Current drawing of the circuit is about 10mA.
Whishing to use a wall-plug adapter instead of a 9V battery, you can supply the circuit at 12V, allowing the use of up to 6 LEDs per strip, or at 15V, allowing the use of up to 7 LEDs per strip.

Source

Rangkaian LED 220VAC Sebagai Lampu Penerangan

2010-08-23T09:33:00.007+07:00

The LED has advantages over other lighting technology. LED supposedly can hold up to 100,000 hours. This means that if the LED light 24 hours a day he would hold for 10 years. Whereas Fluorencent lights are usually only able to survive 1-3 years.

This is a modified version of the circuit, Super bright LED Night Light published that can directly connect to the netting PLN (220VAC).

Skema rangkaian LED 220VAC

Note:
Dangerous...!! this circuit directly connected to the netting of electricity, voltage 220V electricity it could sting you. Avoid working in damp and directly with ground

This is the circuit of a well tried and reliable 230-volt AC mains operated 24 LEDs (super bright LEDs 50mA). While Practically compare the brightness Between this and 11watts tube circuit, the LED light is much better. The layout is made in such a way, you get uniform Illumination. A photographs of the cicuit is Also given in this post.

Rangkaian Speaker Protector sederhana

2010-08-20T05:22:00.004+07:00

Speaker Protector sederhana

This circuit follows will connects the speakers to the power amplifier output only a few seconds after the amplifier is powered ON, so that the speakers do not accept popped up by a high voltage and you would not Hear a loud thud sound from the speakers When the amplifier is switched on. This stuff is very harmful to the speakers.

Skema rangkaian speaker protector

When the amplifier is powered on the bridge D1 also gets powered through the amplifier’s power switch. Capacitor C1 filters the output of bridge rectifier D1. When the power switch is made ON, the transistor Q1 gets switched ON only after the capacitor C2 is sufficiently charged (0.7V) through the resistor R1. Here the value of C2 and R1 are so selected that the time delay is around 2 seconds. So the relay gets activated only after a few seconds the amplifier is powered ON and until that time the speaker will be kept isolated from the amplifier’s audio output as the speaker is connected to the amplifier’s output through the N/O contact of the relay. During this initial delay period the output of amplifier will be grounded by the resistor R2 through the N/C contact of the relay. This is done in order to ensure that the DC blocking capacitor at the amplifier’s output is charged before it is connected to the speaker.

Better quality speaker protector Circuit

Rangkaian Magnetic proximity sensors

2010-08-15T21:59:00.008+07:00

Here is the circuit diagram of a magnetic proximity switch sensor which can be used in various applications. The circuit is based on a magnetic reed switch as the proximity sensor. A monostable multivibrator based on NE555 and a toggle flip flop CD4013 does the rest of the circuit.

Skema rangkaian magnetic proximity sensors

magnetic reed switch sensor

The magnetic proximity switch sensor circuit, in principle, consists of a reed switch at its heart. When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the reed switch it operates and controls the rest of the switching circuit. In place of the reed switch, one may, as well, use a general-purpose electromagnetic reed relay as the sensor, if required. These tiny reed relays are easily available as they are widely used in telecom products. The reed switch or relay to be used with this circuit should be the normally open type.

When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the sensor element for a moment, the contacts of the reed switch close to trigger timer IC1 wired in monostable mode. As a consequence its output at pin 3 goes high for a short duration and supplies clock to the clock input (pin 3 CD4013). LED D2 is used as a response indicator.

This CMOS IC2 consists of two independent flip-flops though here only one is used. Note that the flip-flop is wired in toggle mode with data input (pin 5) connected to the Q (pin 2) output. On receipt of clock pulse, the Q output changes from low to high state and due to this the relay driver transistor T1 gets forward-biased. As a result the relay RL1 is energised.

Rangkaian Audio Channel Selector Stereo

2010-08-14T05:36:00.006+07:00

Audio Channel Selector

This circuit serves for connecting the stereo outputs from Four Different channels as inputs and only one of Them is selected to the output at any one time.

When the circuit switch on, channel A (AR and AL) is selected. If no audio is present in channel A, the circuit Waits for Some time and then Selects the next channel (channel B). This search operation continues Until it detects an audio signal in one of the channels. The inter-channel delay time or the wait Can be adjusted with the help of preset VR1. If still longer time is needed, May replace one capacitor C1 with of higher value.

To manually skip over from one active channel to another active channel, simply push the skip switch (S1), until the desired channel input gets selected. The selected channel (A, B, C, or D) is indicated by the glowing of corresponding LED (LED11, 12, 13, or 14 ).

Skema rangkaian audio channel selector stereo

IC CD4066 contains 4 analog switches, These switches are connected to four separate channels. These analogue switches are controlled by IC CD4017 outputs. CD4017 is a 10-bit ring counter IC. Since only one of its outputs is high at any instant, only one switch will be closed at a time. IC CD4017 is configured as a 4-bit ring counter by connecting the fifth output Q4 (pin 10) to the reset pin. Capacitor C5 in conjunction with resistor R6 forms a power-on-reset circuit for IC2, so that on initial switching on of the power supply, output Q0 (pin 3) is always high . The clock signal to CD4017 is provided by IC1 NE555 which acts as an astable multivibrator when transistor T1 is in cut- off state.

IC5 KA2281 is used here for not only indicating the audio levels of the selected stereo channel, but also for forward biasing transistor T1. As soon as a specific threshold audio level is detected in a selected channel, pin 7 and/or pin 10 of IC5 goes low . This low level is coupled to the base of transistor T1, through diode-resistor combination of D2-R1/D3-R22. As a result, transistor T1 conducts and causes output of IC1 to remain low as long as the selected channel output exceeds the preset audio threshold level.

Presets VR2 and VR3 have been included for adjustment of individual audio threshold levels of left and right stereo channels, as desired. Once the multivibrator action of IC1 is disabled, output of IC2 does not change further. Hence, searching through the channels continues until it receives an audio signal exceeding the preset threshold value. The skip switch S1 is used to skip a channel even if audio is present in the selected channel. The number of channels can be easily extended up to ten, by using additional 4066 ICs.

Rangkaian Kontrol Kecepatan Wiper Mobil

2010-08-11T00:50:00.004+07:00

Pengontrol Kecepatan Wiper

For some car wiper speed sometimes just made some speed so that less appropriate when we want a different speed, but for those of you who want a digital wiper speed controller you can also use this circuit to replace your old system.

Skema rangkaian kontrol kecepatan wiper mobil

This circuit comprises 2 timer NE555 ICs, one CD4017 decade counter, one TIP32 driver transistor, a 2N3055/ TIP3055 power transistor and A Few other discrete components. Timer IC1 is configured as a mono-stable multivibrator produces a pulse Pls Which one presses switch S1 momentarily. This pulse acts as a clock pulse for the decade counter (IC2) Which advances by one count on Each successive clock pulse or the push of switch S1. Ten presets (VR1 through VR10), for Different sets of values by trial and error, Are Used At The ten outputs of IC2. But since only one output of IC2 is high at a time, only one preset (selected at the output) effectively comes in series with resistors R4 and R5 timing connected in the circuit of timer IC3 Which functions in astable mode. As presets VR1 through VR10 are set for Different values, Different time periods (or frequencies) for astable multivibrator IC3 Can be selected. The output of IC3 is applied to the pnp driver transistor TIP32 for driving the final power transistor 2N3055 Which in turn drives the wiper motor at the selected sweep speed. The power supply for the wiper motor as well as the circuit is tapped from the vehicle s battery Itself. The duration of the monostable multivibrator IC1 is set for a period of nearly one second.

Source : www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com

Rangkaian Charge Monitor for 12V battery

2010-08-10T01:15:00.008+07:00

This circuit project is a function for monitoring the charge level of 12 volt batteries continuously. The circuit possesses two vital features:

reduces the requirement of human attention by about 85%.
highly accurate and sophisticated methods.

A battery is a vital element of any battery-backed system. In many cases the battery is more expensive than the systems it is backing up. We need to Adopt Hence all practical measures to Conserve battery life.

As per manufacturer's data sheets, a 12V rechargeable battery operated Should be within 10. IV and 13.8V. When the battery charges higher than 13.8V it is said to be overcharged, and it discharges below 10.IV Pls Can it be Deeply discharged. A single event of overcharge or deep discharge Can bring down the charge-holding capacity of a battery by 15 to 20%.

Skema rangkaian charge monitor for 12V battery

Note:

For calibrating the upper and lower reference levels, a digital multimeter and a variable regulated power supply source are required. For calibrating the lower reference voltage, follow the steps given below:

Set the output of power supply source to 10. IV.
Connect the power supply source in place of the battery.
Now the display will show some reading. At this point vary preset VR2 until the reading on the display just changes from 1 to 0.
The higher reference voltage is calibrated similarly by setting the power supply to 13.8V and varying preset VR1 until reading on the display just changes from 8 to 9.

How to Work a Circuit of Charge Monitor for 12V Battery

Input from the battery under test is applied to LM3914 1C. This applied voltage is ranked anywhere between 0 and 10, depending upon its magnitude. The lower reference voltage of 10.IV is ranked '0' and the upper voltage of 13.8V is ranked as '10.' (Outputs 9 and 10 are logically ORed in this circuit.) This calibration of reference voltages is explained above.

1C 74LS147 is a decimal-to-BCD priority encoder which converts the output of LM3914 into its BCD complement. The true BCD is obtained by using the hex inverter 74LS04. This BCD output is displayed as a decimal digit after con version using IC5 (74LS247), which is a BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver. The seven-segment LED display (LTS-542) is used because it is easy to read compared to a bar graph or, for that matter, an analogue meter. The charge status of the battery can be quickly calculated from the display. For instance, if the display shows 4, it means that the battery is charged to 40 per cent of its maximum value of 13.8V.

The use of digital principles enables us to employ a buzzer that sounds whenever there is an overcharge or deep discharge, or there is a need to conserve battery charge. A buzzer is wired in the circuit such that it sounds whenever battery-charge falls to ten per cent. At this point it is recommended that unnecessary load be switched off and the remaining charge be conserved for more important purposes.

Another simple combinational logic circuit can also be designed that will sound the buzzer when the display shows 9. Further charging should be stopped at this point in order to pre vent overcharge.

Cara Mrogram mikrokontroller AT89S52 Mengunakan Programmer 2.15

2010-07-16T02:56:00.005+07:00

Mrogram mikrokontroller AT89S52 Via Programmer 2.15

Programmer 2.15 is a software specifically developed for programming, read, or erase the internal flash memory microcontroller AT89S52, Programmer2.15 also equipped with a text editor that can be used to create the program in 8051 assembler language and compiled directly in to the file hex

Pic 1. Programmer 2.15 window

How to use Programmer 2.15

Programmer2.25 is equipped with a text editor that functions to make programming in assembler language.
When finished making your program can compile directly using a shortcut assemblel / compile it (F9), if it found an error from the program list, programmer 2.51 will display an error message, and if there are no errors will appear the message "NO ERRORS FOUND"
after the compile process successfully you can directly write down (the download) to the flash memory at8951/52

How to program (to download) to the flash memory AT89S51/52

Assembler program that has been compiled with no errors can be directly in the programming or "the downloaded" to the flash memory AT89S51/52. Programmer 2.15 using parallel port for this download process. Also in need a special interface circuit such as circuit scheme is shown below.

Pic 2. rankaian antarmuka Programmer 2.15

Before doing the download process needs to be done beforehand setting process, the setup process is done using a programming menu / setup (See figure 1.) Settings are done to select the parallel port address, memory lock bits mode, and determining conditions RST pin after the download process completed

Pic 3. settings window

Note:

Adjust settings such as the picture above
LPT1 address customize to your computer
Programmer2.15 suitable for programming (download) Microcontroller AT89S51/52

After doing the settings in the process of programming can be done through programflashmemory menu (F2)

Menghitung Resistor LED Putih (Super Bright White LED)

2010-07-14T05:17:00.009+07:00

LED (light emitting diode) is currently being widely used, among other things, traffic signal lights and indicator lights of the vehicle. Efisasi value (lumens per watt) LED increasingly make this light source is used widely in the field of lighting.

Super bright white LED pic

LED is highly efficient light sources. Average white LED lamps that are marketed produce light efisasi of 32 lumens per watt (lm / W), and the results of the latest technological development is expected to produce 80 lm / W. LED operating life which has made a long-white LED light is very attractive.

Menghitung Resistor LED Super Bright Nyala Putih

The following formula to calculate the required resistance is as follows:

R = (Vs-Vd)/Id

With:

R = resistance is needed (Ohm)
Vs = voltage source / power supply (Volt)
Vd = LED forward voltage (Volt)
Id = LED forward current (Ampere)

Example:
Lights will be used 3 pieces LED, when the voltage source using a 12 VDC car batteries. The question now, what is the ideal resistor values to inhibit voltage 12VDC, so that the LED does not die quickly?

So, (-12V (3.6 V * 3)) / .03 A = 40Ω

Thus, the resistor value for 3 pieces LED lights that are installed in series 20Ω

how to install it as below

Notes:

The voltage (Vd) and current (Id) white LED can be seen in the datasheet below

Datasheet 500TSW4DF Super Bright White 5mm LED

DC Forward Current 30 mA
Reverse Voltage (IR = 100mA) 5 V
Forward Voltage 3.6 - 3.8 V
Peak Pulse Forward Current (1) 100 mA
Avg. Forward Current (Pulse Operation) 30 mA
Operating Temperature -30 to +85 0C
Storage Temperature -40 to +100 0C

Cara Menentukan Nilai Resistor Pada LED

2010-07-05T21:58:00.018+07:00

Menentukan Nilai Resistor Pada LED

How to choose a resistor to turn on the LED? Why LEDs need resistors? That's because the LED does not have a current regulator, the LED will burn out if no resistor.

The amount of flow determines how bright an LED. Greater flow of the lighter flame of an LED. Current in the LED should be approximately 10-20 mA. When a current passes through a LED, the LED voltage drop of about 1.85 V or depending on the type of LED that is in use

LEDs Pic

To determine the resistor on the led first consider the graph above (right graph ). Choose the desired LED light and use this chart to determine the required flow. For example, if the desired luminous intensity (high / dark light an LED) for 1, can be seen that the currents are in need of 20 mA.

This shall mean the current 20 mA to pass through the LED, to get the brightness of LED = 1. Now, we can calculate the voltage drop across the LED based on a known flow. Look at the graph on the left at 20 mA. Now you know that the fall in voltage of 1.85 V. Know that the voltage drop across the LED is not only a function of current, but also the color of the LED and the temperature (because of chemical differences in the LED).

Color Potential Difference (LED voltage)

Infrared : 1.6 V
Red : 1.8 V - 2.1 V
Orange : 2.2 V
Yellow : 2.4 V
Green : 2.6 V
Blue : 3.0 V - 3.5 V
White : 3.0 V - 3.5 V
Ultraviolet : 3.5 V

The following example circuit LED (Menentukan Nilai Resistor Pada LED) series / parallel based on Ohm's law, V = IR to refer to the list above the LED voltage

Resistor values = (voltage source - LED voltage) / LED current

Red LED resistor values (12 V- 1.8V) /0.02 A = 510 ohms
Blue LED resistor values (12V - 3V) / 0.02 A = 450 ohms

Resistor values = (voltage source - the total LED voltage) / LED current

Resistor values = (12V - 9.6 V) / 0.02 A = 120 ohms

Rangkaian Audio Mixer 6 Channel

2010-06-07T01:29:00.009+07:00

Audio Mixer 6 Channel

The following is a main of the mixer-6 Ch circuit. The circuit constituted by six input channels. The channels are from monophonic channels CH 1-4 and CH 5-6, are intended for stereo use. The number of input channels they want as long Itself Can Increase You Want.

Skema rangaian audio mixer 6 channel

The output of Each channel drives the RV1-6, that regulation potesometer level of sound. With RV7-12 We create conditions of balance Between two channels (BALANCE). All the signals from the input channels in this point are added by two adders [IC1a-b], for Each channel Here exist two Trimmer TR1-2 That adjust the gain of Each IC, adapting the level of signal of the output, in the level That We Want. They Can be suppressed if you do not need something and Standard and Poor. The next stage is a equalizer, three bands of regulation. The IC3α-b, constitute the output of the mixer, they want a one acre have gain and they want the make the essential isolation of the previous stages, with the unit That We Will drives. For whoever they want want they want use headphones, it exists a classic circuit drive of headphones, round the IC2a-b, that give the output in the JF13. It Can Also Also exist optical clue of audio levels, with a stereo VUMETER.

List component

R1-12=4.7Kohms
R13-24=10Kohms
R25-26=22Kohms .
R27-30-34-39=100ohms
R28-29-36-37=100Kohms
R31-42=10Kohms
R32-41=4.7Kohms
R33-40=10Kohms
R35-38=47ohms
RV1....4=47Kohms Log.
RV5-6-13=2X47Kohms Log.
RV7....12=10Kohms Lin. pot. Log
C1....8=10uF 25V
C9-11=47pF ceramic or mylar
C10-12=47uF 25V
C13-14=100uF 25V
C15-16=2.2uF 16V
C18-21=100pF ceramic or mylar
C19-20=220uF 25V
TR1-2=4.7Kohms trimmer
Q1-3=BD139
Q2-4=BD140
IC2=NE5532 - TL072

All the Resistors is 1/4W 1% metal film C18-21=100pF ceramic or mylar

for more detail read here

Rangkaian Infra Red Remote Tester

2010-05-26T05:59:00.005+07:00

Infra Red Remote Tester

The circuit is very effective to test the remote controls what still works or not, the remote record will be tested using infra red. Examples of the TV remote, AC and others. Please try I am sure 100% will be successful.

Rangkaian Remote Tester

The workings of the circuit is very simple, when the infra red sensor receive infrared signals pin 2 sensor will produce a voltage, this voltage will drives the PNP transistor so that the LED lamp and piezo disc (BZ) is active. for the power supply you can use a 9 volt battery and then use IC 7805 or use 1.5 volt batteries x 3

Following the specification of components installed

Transistor BC557
TSOP 1738 Sensor Infra Red
R1 = 10k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
R2 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
R3 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
BZ = piezo disc
led

TSOP 1738 Sensor Infra Red

Features

Photodetector and preamplifier circuit in the same casing.
Receives and amplifies the infrared signal without any external component.
5 V output (active at level 0).
38 kHz integrated oscillator.
High sensitivity.
High level of immunity to ambient light.
Improved shielding against electrical field interference.
TTL and CMOS compatibility.
Applications: infrared remote control.

Technical specification

Supply: 5 V
Power consumption: 0.4 to 1.0 mA
Min. Ee irradiation: 0.35 mW/m2 typ.
Angle of detection: 90
Dimensions of the casing (mm): 12.5 x 10 x Thickness 5.8
Temperature range: -25 C to +85 C

Rangkaian Pengukur Jarak

2010-05-23T05:40:00.008+07:00

This circuit Can be Used to Measure distance covered by bicycle using a reed switch as the sensor and use the magnet tied to a wheel. Detection of rolling is then made by a proximity effect, Pls the magnet close to the reed switch. This close / open reed switch contact Can use to make on-off signal. 68HC908QY4 microcontroller function for counting the pulse signal Produced by reed switches, and then Direct display in meter unit through lcd 16 x 1 line LCD

Pengukur Jarak Prototipe

Skema rangkaian pengukur jarak

To Interface signals for LCD are D4-D7, RS and E. 4-bit It was interfacing, no busy checking. D0-D3 and R / W # is not Used, so We must tie to GND. Since We Can not check Busy bit, so the delay routine must be ready LCD Used to wait for command and writing data. The sensor inputs are PTA2 for reed switch contact and PTA0 for 0 / +5 V analog input can use a small phone jack for both sensors. in the image below shows a sample sensor and cable making. Later shrinkage tube We need to protect the sensor. The position sensor Pls Pls fix to the bicycle wheel Also Important. We need the magnetic flux perpendicular to the contact.

sensor and cable making

Software/program

Software for write to68HC908QY4 microcontroller is s-record.hex ,which was written by C-language ,the source code is firmware source code.

source http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th

Rangkaian Line Follower ROBOT Berbasis AT89C2051

2010-05-19T00:12:00.006+07:00

This Circuit of Line Follower ROBOT has been getting from VingPeaw Competition Award winner in 2543, the robot built with mikrokontroler AT89C2051, L293D, and four IR sensors. Simple circuit and platform, quick tracking and easy-understand program using C language.

The Line Follower ROBOT designed which use two motors control rear wheels and the single front wheel is free. It has 4-infrared sensors on the bottom for detect black tracking tape, when the sensors detected black color, output of comparator, LM324 is low logic and the other the output is high.

Prototipe Line Follower ROBOT

Microcontroller AT89C2051 and H-Bridge driver L293D were used to control direction and speed of motor.

Position of sensors the robot, left hand side is side view and right hand side is top view

Skema rangkaian Infrared sensors and comparators

Software/program

Software for write to AT89C2051 is robot1.hex ,which was written by C-language ,the source code is robot1.c compiled by using MC51 in TINY model with my start up code robot.asm .

Source: http://www.kmitl.ac.th

Rangakaian Downloader Mikrokontroler AVR Menggunakan USB

2010-05-18T05:55:00.003+07:00

This circuit is a downloader for Atmel AVR microcontroller. The circuit uses ATMega48 or ATmega8 and a few other passive components. Programmer or a downloader uses a USB-only drive firmware (firmware-only USB driver), does not require a special USB controller.

Skema Rangakaian Downloader
Mikrokontroler AVR Menggunakan USB

Features

Can be used for a variety of platforms, have been tested for Linux, Mac OS and Windows;
Does not require special controllers or smd components;
Speeds may reach 5kByte/detik programming;
Option SCK to support low-speed microcontroller targets < 1.5 Mhz

Software

AVRDUDE USBasp support since version 5.2 - Take AVRDUDE.
Khazama AVR - Programmer is an application Windows XP / Vista for USBasp and avrdude.
EXtreme Burner - AVR is a Windows GUI software specifically for USB AVR programmer USBasp based, not use AVRDude.

Source

Rangkaian Thermometer Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89S52

2010-05-16T20:10:00.008+07:00

This is a circuit of a microcontroller AT89S52 Thermometer and 12-bit ADC LTC1298, programs written in the language c program with digital filtering and interface the LED display. The reading provides 0.1C sensitivity.

The hardware block and circuit diagram is shown in Fig below. The sensor is epoxy molded thermistor. The circuit for signal conditioning is a simple voltage divider. The ADC is 12-bit SPI interface LTC1298 analog-to-digital converter. The microcontroller is Atmel 89S52. The display has four digits 0.5 inches 7-segment LED. The segment driver provides 32-bit CMOS output.

Skema Rangkaian Thermometer Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89S52

Thermometer Block Diagram

The ADC is 12-bit (LTC1298 or MC3202) are two channels, CH0 and CH1. The input signal from thermistor for ADC channel 0 is simple voltage divider. Channel1 is available for other sensor. The sample shown in schematic is HIH-3160 Honeywell Relative Humidity Sensor. The ADC chip is interfaced with MCU, 89S52 with P1.1, P1.2 and P1.3. The display has 4-digit LED. The 4094 CMOS shift register drives the LED directly.

Software

The main function is time triggered by 10ms timer0 running. The ADC is updated on LED every 10 ticks.

while(1)
{
while(!cputick)
continue;
cputick=0;
print_ADC();
}

The function that reads 12-bit data from ADC is read_ADC(char n). The function has two loops. First loop is to send 4-bit command. And the second loop is 12-bit to shift the data from ADC.

sbit Data = P1^1;
sbit CLK = P1^2;
sbit CS = P1^3;

int read_ADC(char n)
{ int k;
char i,channel;
k=0;
CS=0;
if(n==0) channel=0x0d;
else channel=0x0f;

for(i=0;i<4;i++) clk =" 0;" data =" 1;" data =" 0;" clk =" 1;" data =" 1;" clk =" 0;" i="0;i<12;i++)" clk="1;" clk="0;" cs =" 1;">

To provide smooth reading, I added the 5-point moving average to the raw data. The function low_pass_filte1( ) is used to filter the high frequency noise. The reading is calibrated to degree Celsius with Platinum 100 standard thermometer. We found the equation y=0.0323x-15.122.

int low_pass_filter1(void)
{
x5=x4;
x4=x3;
x3=x2;
x2=x1;
x1=read_ADC(0);
return(x1+x2+x3+x4+x5)/5;
}

float read_temp1_filter(void)
{
return(0.0323*low_pass_filter1()-15.122);
}

Source

Rangkaian Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

2010-05-13T05:16:00.005+07:00

Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

This circuit measures temperature in Celsius and displays it on an alphanumeric LCD. When temperature rise to 40C an alarm is activated and the electromechanical relay is also activated which drives a fan to keep the temperature at a level. Another feature of this circuit is that you can use the keys "1,2,3,4" of a Philips TV IR remote to turn on or off three relays. Key '4' is used to turn on or off the buzzer alarm.

Skema Rangkaian Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

The MCU is the ATMEL AT89C51. The LM35 is an TO-92 package temperature sensor. It senses heat from 0C to 100C. The output provides 10mV/C. We use the simple analog to digital converter, ADC0804 to convert the analog signal to digital data. The 8-bit digital data is tied to PORT1. This data is processed by microcontroller and the temperature is displayed on lcd connected to PORT2. The control pins of lcd are connected to PORT0. Some bits of the PORT0 also control the relays and buzzer. The ULN2003 chip is used to drive the relays. Pin 1 to 7 are the inputs and 10 to 16 are respective outputs. Pin 8 is ground and pin 9 is connected to the output of 7808 voltage regulator. The 7805 voltage regulator drives rest of the circuit. I used a standard buzzer driven by LM555 timer/oscillator chip. The 555 circuit is a multivibrator having output for driving the buzzer. We may use any IR receiver module and connect the output to pin 10 of microcontroller. The relay connected to pin 13 of ULN2003 turns on when temperature rises above 40C.

You may download all files in zip format. The file contains the images of completed project, hex file, circuit diagram and pcb file.

Source

Rangkaian RTC Berbasis AT89C4051

2010-05-13T02:12:00.004+07:00

Rangkaian RTC Berbasis AT89C4051

This is a circuit diagram for the digital clock. Port 1 of the controller (AT89C4051) is Used as the data lines for the 20 x 4 lines LCD display.

The source code for the project is written in C-language, and compiled using Keil C compiler, Can you download the c-code, schematic, and if you do not have a cross compiler then you burn the cans directly on to the HEX file your chips here

Skema Rangkaian RTC Berbasis AT89C4051

RTC with Costume fonts Demo

If you think that 'there is a problem in the of availability of the chips mentioned in the schematic, then you cans use AT89C51/AT89C52 Also, make sure That you are using the Same port for the LCD and switches Which are there in the C- files or in the schematic.

in the image above as you cans see the digits are Bigger than the normal size. For this purpose I'm maiking use of the CGRAM of the LCD, Which gives to the user the flexibility to define user defined characters. so to create a character We first need to get the Which values are to be written into the CGRAM area. The CGRAM area starts from address 0x40 and for Every character Which there are eight locations are to be written.

Figure below shows the custom character creation. so Pls We get the values for all the pixels. These values We write to the CGRAM. The Digits 0-9 Can be created with the help of eight custom characters and Standard and Poor.

user defined character

NOTE: You Can only create upto 8 custom characters.

Source

Rangkaian Battery Tester ( Penguji Battery)

2010-05-09T19:19:00.004+07:00

This circuit can be used to test the battery without the need of power supply or expensive moving-coil voltmeters. It has two Ranges: Pls SW1 is set as shown in the circuit diagram, test the circuit cans 3V to 15V batteries. When SW1 is switched to the other position, only 1.5V cells Can be tested.

Skema Rangkaian Battery Tester ( Penguji Battery)

List Component:

R1______________2K2 1/4W Resistor
R2______________3R3 1/4W Resistor
R3_____________10R 1/4W Resistor
R4______________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R5_____________33K 1/4W Resistor
R6,R7_________100K 1/4W Resistors
R8____________220K 1/4W Resistor
R9____________330K 1/4W Resistor
R10___________500K Trimmer Cermet
C1,C2__________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C3-C7_________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C8____________220µF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1,D7___________LEDs Red 5mm. (see Notes)
D2-D6________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
Q1___________2N3819 General purpose FET
Q2,Q3_________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistors
IC1,IC2________7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer ICs
P1_____________SPST Pushbutton
SW1____________DPDT Switch
BUT____________Battery under test

Testing 3V to 15V batteries:

Switch SW1 as shown in the circuit diagram.
Place the battery under test in a suitable holder or clip it to the circuit.
Wait some seconds in order to let C8 reach its full charge.
LED D1 illuminates at a constant intensity, independent of battery voltage.
If D1 illuminates very weakly or is fully off the battery is unusable.
If D1 has a good illumination, press P1 and keep an eye to LED D7. If D7 remains fully off, the battery is in a very good state.
If D7 illuminates brightly for a few seconds, the battery is weak. This condition is confirmed by a noticeable weakening of D1 brightness.
If D7 illuminates weakly for a few seconds but D1 maintain the same light intensity, the battery is still good but is not new.

Testing 1.5V batteries:

Switch SW1 in the position opposite to that shown in the circuit diagram.
Place the battery under test in a suitable holder or clip it to the circuit.
Wait some seconds in order to let C8 reach its full charge.
LED D1 illuminates very weakly only in presence of a new battery, otherwise is off.
Press P1 and keep an eye to LED D7. If D7 remains fully off the battery can be in very good state.
If D7 illuminates brightly for a few seconds, the battery is weak.
If D7 illuminates weakly for a few seconds, the battery is still good but is not new.
If you are suspecting a 1.5V cell to be completely discharged, a better test can be made wiring two 1.5V batteries in series, then running the 3V test.

The TS555 is a single CMOS timer which offers very low consumption and high frequency (f(max.) TS555 = 2.7MHz - f(max.) NE555 = 0.1 MHz) Thus, either in Monostable or Astable mode, timing remains very accurate.

IC TS555 Pinning

The TS555 provides reduced supply current spikes during output transitions, which enables the use of lower decoupling capacitors compared to those required by bipolar NE555. Timing capacitors can also be minimized due to high input impedance (1012 W).

Maximum rating ic
Supply Voltage: +18 V
Junction Temperature: +150 oC

Source

Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega8535

2010-05-09T04:09:00.003+07:00

Minimum System ATmega8535 microcontroller, is the minimum necessary circuits for the operation of the microcontroller IC, then this minimum circuit can be connected with other circuits to perform certain functions. In the AVR microcontroller family, Atmega8535 series is one series that is very widely used.

Skema Rangkaian Sistem Minimum
Mikrokontroler ATmega8535

To make this ATmega8535 microcontroller minimum system required several components, namely:

ATmega8535 microcontroller IC
1 XTAL 4 MHz or 8 MHz (XTAL1)
3 paper capacitors, two 22 pF (C2 and C3) and 100 nF (C4)
a 4.7 UF electrolytic capacitors (C12) 2 is 100 ohm resistor (R1) and 10 Kohm (R3)
1 reset button pushbutton (PB1
DC 5V voltage regulator

Briefly, ATMega8535 has several capabilities:

Microcontroller based 8-bit RISC with a maximum speed of 16 MHz.
Has 8 KB of flash memory, SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) of 512 bytes.
Having the ADC (analog converter-to-digital) 10 bit internal precision of 8 channel.
Has a PWM (Pulse Wide Modulation) as much as four internal channels.
Serial communication port (USART), with maximum speed of 2.5 Mbps.
Six options sleep mode, to save the use of electric power.

ATmega8535 Pinning

ATMega8535 microcontroller has 40 pins for the model PDIP. The names of the pins on the microcontroller are

VCC for the positive power supply voltage.
GND to the negative power supply voltage.
Porta (PA0 - PA7) as a port Input / Output and has other capabilities as an input to the ADC is
PortB (PB0 - PB7) as a port input / output and also has other capabilities.
PortC (PC0 - PC7) as a port Input / Output to ATMega8535.
PortD (PD0 - PD7) as a port input / output and also has other capabilities.
RESET for resetting the program in the microcontroller.
XTAL1 and XTAL2 to input clock signal generator.
AVCC for the power supply voltage input pin for the ADC.
Aref for ADC reference voltage pin.

Rangkaian Alarm Kebakaran

2010-05-03T22:27:00.006+07:00

Alarm Kebakaran

This is a simple fire alarm circuit, which can help the user's color interested against fire accidents based on a LDR and lamp pairs an alarm for sensing the fire.The works by sensing the smoke Produced During fire.The circuit produces an audible alarm the fire breaks Pls out with smoke.

Skema Rangkaian Alarm Kebakaran

When a number of smoke passes Between a bulb and an LDR, the amount of light falling on the LDR decreases. This Causes the resistance of the LDR to Increase and the voltage at the base of the transistor is pulled high due to Which the supply to the COB (chip-on-board) is completed. Different cobs are available in the market to generate Different Musical. The choice of the COB depends on the user. The signal generated by COB is amplified by an audio amplifier. In this circuit, the audio power amplifier is wired around TDA2002. The sensitivity of the circuit depends on the distance Between bulb and LDR as well as the setting of preset VR1. Thus by placing the bulb and the LDR at appropriate distances, one May Vary preset VR1 to get optimum sensitivity. An ON / OFF switch is suggested to turn the circuit on and off as Desirable.

Rangkaian Alarm|Sensor Cahaya

2010-05-03T18:26:00.006+07:00

Alarm|Sensor Cahaya

This circuit is a loud alarm at the break of the daylight. The 555 timer IC is Used here. It is working as an astable multivibrator at a frequency of about 1kHz. This circuit can be used as an anti-burglar alarm in certain rooms, such as cupboard, cupboard in the open when the light will hit the circuit, so the alarm will be activated

Rangkaian Alarm|Sensor Cahaya

When no light falls on the LDR, the transistor is pulled high by the variable resistor. Hence the transistor is OFF and the reset pin of the 555 is pulled low. Due the this the 555 is reset. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases and pulls the bases of the transistor low hence turning it ON. This pulls the reset pin 4 of the 555 high and hence enables the 555 oscillator and a sound is Produced by the speakers. The 100K variable resistor has to be adjusted to set the light intensity That triggers the alarm.

IC 555 Pinning

function of each pin:

Ground, is the input pin of the negative DC voltage source
Trigger, the lower the negative input comparator (comparator B) that maintain low voltage oscillation capacitor in third Fcc and set RS flip-flop
Output, the output pin of the IC 555.
Reset, the pin which serves to reset the latch inside the IC which will affect the work to reset IC. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to avoid reset Fcc
Control Voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the negative reference voltage input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the reference comparator A, usually associated with the order of about 10nF capacitor to pin groun
Threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor started to exceed 2 / 3 Vc
Discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitternya. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground at a certain timing
VCC, this pin to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally if given a 5-15V. the current supply can be viewed in a datasheet, which is around 10-15mA.

Monitor|Sensor Arus AC Menggunakan LED

2010-05-03T01:49:00.011+07:00

Monitor|Sensor Arus AC

This circuit functions to remotely monitor Pls help a couple of electric heaters have been left on. Its sensors must be placed in contact with the feeders to be Able to monitor Pls the power cable is drawing current, Thus causing the circuit to a switch-on LED. The circuit and its coil sensor Can be placed very far from the actual load, provided an easy access to the power cable is available.

Any type of high-current load or group of loads Can be monitored, eg: heaters, motors, washing machines, dish-washers, electric ovens. Etc., provided they want dissipate a power comprised in the 0.5 at least - 1KW range. This design features three versions. The basic one illuminates a LED Pls the load is on. The second version Pls drives a relay a pre-set current value flows into the power cable. The third version Pls D7 switches-on the load power is about 1KW, D6 Pls the load power is about 2KW and D5 Pls the load power is about 3KW

Skema Rangkaian Monitor|Sensor Arus AC

Notes:

The pick-up coil L1 is a common 10mH miniature inductor. This inductor must be placed tightly against one wire of the power cable, leaving the other wire some centimeters apart.
The sensitivity will be doubled if the inductor is placed tightly between the two wires as shown in the diagram, top left. On the contrary, do not place the inductor against paired wires as the signal tends to cancel and the circuit will not work.
The LED limiting resistor R5 should have a value comprised in the 100R - 1K range, depending on the output voltage obtained.
LED D1 and its limiting resistor R5 can be omitted in versions two and three of the circuit.

List Component

R1,R2,R8____________1K 1/4W Resistors
R3,R4_____________220K 1/4W Resistors
R5________________100R 1/4W Resistor
R6_________________10K 1/2W Trimmer
R7,R10______________1M 1/4W Resistors
R9_________________22K 1/2W Resistor
R11 to R17__________1K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C3_____________100Î…F 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C2,C4_______________1Î…F 63V Electrolytic Capacitors
D1________________5mm. Red LED
D3,D4___________1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D2,D5,D6,D7_______LEDs (Any color and size)
Q1_______________BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistor
IC1______________TL061 Low current BIFET Op-Amp
IC1______________LM358 Low Power Dual Op-amp
IC1______________LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp
L1________________10mH miniature Inductor
RL1______________Relay with SPDT 2A @ 220V switch
Coil Voltage 12V. Coil resistance 200-300 Ohm
J1_______________Two ways output socket

Source

Rangkaian 60 Watt Power Amplifier

2010-04-05T19:34:00.005+07:00

Audio Power Amplifier 60 Watt

This amplifier is very simple to build, uses commonly available parts and is stable and reliable, this amplifier most were operated as small PA or instrument amps, but many also found their way into home hi-fi systems. The amp is capable of driving 4 Ohms, but it is starting to push the limits of the transistors, however, even when used at 4 Ohms, very few failures were encountered.

Skema Rangkaian 60 Watt Power Amplifier

Note:

The resistor values are not too critical, but if 1/2W metal film resistors are used throughout, this will help to reduce noise.
The 0.5 Ohm resistors need to be 5W wirewound types.

If you want to build it, see P3A, Layout is not especially critical, and in fact if the components are laid out on a board much as they are seen in the diagram, you should have no problems. 3 Amp fuses should be fitted to each supply rail - these will not prevent output transistors from failing with a shorted speaker lead, but they will prevent further damage (wiring melting, transformer burning out, PCB catching on fire, etc).

The input capacitor should be a polyester type. If an electrolytic is to be used, the positive end goes to the amplifier (there is about +230mV on the bases of the long tailed pair transistors).

When wiring, ensure that the feedback connection is taken from the speaker output terminal, immediately before the inductor. Any track which is carrying half-wave audio from one or the other power transistor resistors will cause distortion of the feedback signal, degrading sound quality.

Source

Rangkaian 150 Watt OCL Amplifier

2010-04-05T01:08:00.006+07:00

150 Watt OCL Power Amplifier

If you are fanatical about the use of transistors jengkol 2N3055 and MJ2955 then this circuit is the answer. This OCL power amplifier circuit deliver a blasting 150 watt to a 4 Ohm speaker. The amplifier circuit is very cheapest and can be powered from 24 to 32 V/5A dual power supply. You must try this circuit. Its working great. Because Transisitor on the final amplifier will be very hot then add the aluminum finned cooler and the fan so that the transistor is not too high temperatures

Skema Rangkaian 150 Watt OCL Amplifier

Use a well regulated and filtered power supply.
Connect a 50K POT in series with the input as volume control if you need.Not shown in circuit diagram

The transistor 2N3055 NPN and MJ2955 PNP are a silicon Epitaxial-Base Planar transistor mounted in Jedec TO-3 metal case. It is intended for power switching circuits, series and shunt regulators, output stages and high fidelity amplifiers.

maximum rating Transistor 2N3055 NPN and MJ2955 PNP

Collector-Base Voltage : 100 V
Collector-Emitter Voltage: 70 V
Collector-Emitter Voltage: 60 V
VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage: 7 V
IC Collector Current: 15 A
IB Base Current: 7 A
Total Dissipation: 115 W
Storage Temperature: -65 to 200 oC
Tj Max. Operating Junction Temperature 200 oC

Rangkaian Amplifier 300 Watt

2010-04-04T22:46:00.003+07:00

Amplifier 300 Watt

Jul 2003 OnSemi released a new range of transistors, designed specifically for audio applications. These new transistors have been tested in the P68, and give excellent results. As a result, all previous recommendations for output transistors are superseded, and the new transistors should be used.

The transistors are MJL4281A (NPN) and MJL4302A (PNP), and feature high bandwidth, excellent safe operating area, high linearity and high gain. Driver transistors are MJE15034 (NPN) and MJE15035 (PNP). All devices are rated at 350V, with the power transistors having a 230W dissipation and the drivers are 50W.

Skema rangkaian amplifier 300 watt

Note:

The total DC is over 110V and can kill you.
The power dissipated is such that great care is needed with transistor mounting..
The amplifier circuit is NO SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION. The amp is designed to be used within a subwoofer or other speaker enclosure, so this has not been included. A short on the output will destroy the amplifier.
Transistor MJL4281A and MJL4302A are new most constructors will find that these are not as easy to get as they should be. The alternatives are MJL3281/ MJL1302 or MJL21193/ MJL21194.

All three driver transistors (Q4, 5 & 6)must be on a heatsink, and D2 and D3 should be in good thermal contact with the driver heatsink. Neglect to do this and the result will be thermal runaway, and the amp will fail. For some reason, the last statement seems to cause some people confusion - look at the photo below, and you will see the small heatsink, 3 driver transistors, and a white "blob" (just to the left of the electrolytic capacitor), which is the two diodes pressed against the heatsink with thermal grease.

Source

Rangkaian Amplifier LA4440

2010-03-26T20:55:00.006+07:00

This is the circuit of amplifier using IC LA4440. The amplifier circuit uses very less components but a very high quality with respect to its cost and ideal for beginners.

IC LA 4440 is wired as a bridge amplifier to deliver a 19 W Rms on a 4 Ohm speaker atau 6 W rms jika di fungsikan stereo. The IC has built in thermal over voltage and short circuit protection.The IC also incorporates a audio muting function.

Rangkaian 19 Watt Bridge Amplifier LA4440

Rangkaian 6 Watt Stereo Amplifier LA4440

Note:

Use a 12 VDC / 3 A power supply, IC LA4440 can with stand up to 18 volts, but I prefer it should not be nothing more than 16V.
Do not forget to fit a proper heat sink with IC.
Use a 4 Ohm speaker

IC LA4440 Features

Built-in 2 channels enabling use in stereo and bridgeamplifier applications. (Stereo 6 Watt Bridge : 19W)
Minimun number of external parts required.
Small pop noise at the time of power supply ON/OFF and
good starting balance.
Good ripple rejection : 46dB (typ.)
Good channel separation.
Small residual noise (Rg=0).
Low distortion over a wide range from low frequencies to high frequencies.
Easy to design radiator fin.
Built-in audio muting function.
Built-in protectors.
Thermal protector
Overvoltage, surge voltage protector
cPin-to-pin short protector

Quick Data IC LA4440

Maximum supply voltage.............................18 V.
Allowable power dissipation Pd max............15 W.
Operating temperature Topr........................–20 to +75.
Storage temperature Tstg............................–40 to +150.
Voltage gain VG..........................................49.5 to 53.5.
Output power PO....................................... Stereo 06 W, Bridge 19 W.
Input resistance ri ............................. ....... 30kOhm.

Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler AT89C51|AT89C52

2010-03-22T03:49:00.005+07:00

The minimum system is AT89C51/AT89C52 microcontroller electronic circuits the minimum necessary to the operation of microcontroller IC. This circuit can then be connected to other circuits to perform certain functions or can be added with other complementary circuit to become a more complete system and has more functions.

Rangkaian Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler
AT89C52|AT89C52

AT89S51/52 microcontroller is the latest version than the AT89C51 microcontroller has been widely used today. AT89S52 microcontroller is a CMOS 8-bit microcomputers with 8KB Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). Mikrokontroler tech non-volatile memory of the Atmel Cleaner density is, compatible with industry standard microcontroller MCS-51, either pin IC and the instruction set and the price is quite cheap. Therefore, it is precisely when we study this type of microcontroller.

Important specifications owned AT89S52 Microcontroller:

Compatible with previous MCS51 microcontroller family
8 K Bytes • In system programmable (ISP) flash memory with capacity 1000 times read / write
4-labor voltage 5.0V
Working with a range of 0 - 33MHz
Internal RAM 256x8 bits
32 channels of I / 0 may be programmed
3 pieces 16-bit Timer / Counter
8 interrupt sources
Full duplex serial channel UART
watchdog timer
Dual data pointers
ISP programming mode flexible (Byte and Page Mode)

Pinning Mikrokontroler AT89C52|AT89C52

Rangkaian Downloader/Programmer AT89S51/AT89S52

2010-03-20T13:16:00.000+07:00

Atmel is a product AT89S51/AT89S52 that quite a lot in the market with a price of less than 20 thousand rupiah. To start learning mikrokontroler type 89S51 this we need a programmer And Rangkaian Downloader. Programmer is a hardware device that is used to enter the machine language program code compilation that we write to in mikrokontroler.

Gambar Skema Rangkaian Downloader AT89S51/AT89S52

picture above shows the circuit diagram of the in-system programmer interface, the power to the interface is provided by the target system. The 74HCT541 ic isolate and buffer the parallel port signals. It is necessary to use the HCT type ic in order to make sure the programmer should also work with 3V type parallel port.

Skema rangkaian downloader ini can be use to program the 89S series devices and the AVR series devices which are pin compatible to 8051, like 90S8515. For other AVR series devices the user can make an adapter board for 20, 28 and 40 pin devices. The pin numbers shown in brackets correspond to PC parallel port
connector.

Software ISP

The ISP-30a.zip file contains the main program and the i / o port driver. Place all files in the same folder. The main screen view of the program is shown in the picture below.

Following are the main features of this software,

Read /write the Intel Hex file
Read the signature, lock and fuse bits
Clear/Fill memory buffer
Verify with memory buffer
Reload current Hex File
Display buffer checksum
Program selected lock bits & fuses
Auto detection of hardware

Decoder 4 Bit to 16 Line

2010-03-20T03:38:00.005+07:00

Decoder 4 bit to 16 line HCC4514B/HCC4515B are monolithic integrated circuits available in 24-lead dual in-line plastic or ceramic package and plastic micro package. The HCC/HCF4514B/4515B consisting of a 4-bit strobed latch and a 4 to 16 line decoder. The latches hold the last input data presented prior to the strobe transition from 1 to 0.Inhibit control allows all outputs to be placed at HCC/HCF4514B/4515B regardless of thestateofthedata or strobe inputs. The decode truth table indicates all combinations of data inputs and appropriate selected outputs.

Decoder 4 Bit to 16 Line HCC4514B/HCC4515B

Absolute maximum rating HCC4514B/HCC4515B decoder 4 bit to 16 line

Supply Voltage: 0.5 to + 18 V
Input Voltage: 0.5 to VDD + 0.5 V
Total Power Dissipation (per package): 100 mW
Operating Temperature : 40 to + 85 C
Storage Temperature – 65 to + 150 C

Note:
Stresses above those listed under ”Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections

decoder Logic diagram

truth table IC decoder HCC4514B/HCC4515B

3 Bit to 8 Line Demultiplexer (Dekoder)

2010-03-20T01:29:00.001+07:00

Demultiplexer or decoders are devices that have the function desired output selection is adjusted to a predetermined input. At the decoder if input as an example of three input a1, a2 and a3, then the output will be produced 2 ^ 3 = 8 output (b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7 and B8).

In the picture below shows an example in the specification demultiplexer using TTL IC 74HC237

74HC237 demultiplexer Logic diagram

The 74HC237 is a 3-to-8 line demultiplexer with latches at the three address inputs The 74HC237 essentially combines the 3-to-8 decoder function with a 3-bit storage latch. When the latch is enabled (LE = LOW), the 74HC237 acts as a 3-to-8 active LOW decoder. When the latch enable (LE) goes from LOW-to-HIGH, the last data present at the inputs before this transition, is stored in the latches. Further address changes are ignored as long as LE remains HIGH.

The output enable input (E1 and E2) controls the state of the outputs independent of the address inputs or latch operation. All outputs are HIGH unless E1 is LOW and E2 is HIGH.

truth table IC 74HC237 demultiplexer

Pinning IC 74HC237

Quick reference data demultiplexer 74HC237

supply voltage: 0.5 +7 V
input diode current: ±20 mA
output diode current: ±20 mA
output source or sink current: ±25 mA
storage temperature: 65 +150 °C
power dissipation: 750 mW

Mode Pengalamatan ATMEL AT89S51/AT89S52

2010-03-19T00:30:00.000+07:00

Mode Pengalamatan Microcontroller AT89S51/AT89S52

All the family members of ATMEL Microcontroller 89S51/52 have the same instruction set. This instruction set has been optimized for 8-bit control applications, and provide a variety of fast addressing modes for accessing the internal RAM and external RAM

Addressing mode 89S51/52 ATMEL Microcontroller family is as follows

Immediate Addressing

Immediate addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in memory. That is to say, the instruction itself dictates what value will be stored in memory.

Example:

MOV A, # 1AH ; Fill in the accumulator with data 1AH
MOV DPTR, # 10H ; Fill in the register DPTR with data 10H
MOV R1, #30H ; Fill in the register R1 with data 30H

Direct Addressing

Direct addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location.

Example:

MOV A,15H ; Read the data Internal RAM address 15 H and store it in the Accumulator.
MOV 90H, A, Read the data Accumulator and store it in the SFR/Port (whose address 90H)

Indirect Addressing

In Indirect Addressing, Operands pointing to a register that contains the memory address location to be used in the operation. To implement the indirect addressing used symbol @. Addressing this type usually used for writing, transfer or reading some data in memory locations. AT89C51 has a 16-bit register (DPTR) which can be used to perform indirect addressing

Example:

ADD, A, R1 ; Add data internal RAM which is found at the address indicated by R1 into the data accumulator
DEC @ R1 ; Reduce the contents of RAM address indicated by the register R1
MOVX, ADPTR, A ; read data Accumulator and store it in the external memory location indicated by DPTR

Bit Addressing

Bit addressing is the appointment of bit locations address both the internal RAM or hardware using the symbol dot (.).

Example:

SETB p1.7; Set port 1.7 bits active
SETB TR1: Set TR1 (Timer 1 active)

Operator

Operators used to perform action arithmetic, logic shifting bits and others at the Operands. Some operators are available including
Arithmetic operators

* For multiplication
/ For division
+ For addition
- For subtraction

Example: MOV A, # 25H +3 H

Operator Logic

Poerasi OR to OR
AND to AND operation
XOR to XOR operations
EXOR for EXOR operation
NOT to invert operation

Example: MOV A, # 20H OR 40H; equal to MOV A, # 60H

Special Operations

Shr 16 ; bit shift to right
SHL 16 ; bit shift to the left
HIGH ; bits select the bag
LOW ; select the lower bit
EQ = equal to
NET <> ; is not equal to
Fl <= ; less than or equal to · GT> more
GE> = ; greater than or equal to

DAFTAR INSTRUKSI PEMROGRAMAN ASSEMBLY AT89S51/S52

2010-03-18T23:11:00.000+07:00

Kelompok Instruksi Aritmatika

ADD A,Rn (Add register to A).
ADD A, (direct Add direct byte to A).
ADD A, @Ri (Add indirect RAM to A).
ADD A,#data (Add immediate data to A).
ADDC A,Rn (Add register to A with Carry).
ADDC A (direct Add direct byte to A with Carry).
ADDC A,@Ri (Add indirect RAM to A with Carry).
ADDC A,#data (Add immediate data to A with Carry).
SUBB A,Rn (Subtract register from A with Borrow).
SUBB A,direct (Subtract direct byte from A with Borrow).
SUBB A,@Ri (Subtract indirect RAM from A with Borrow).
SUBB A,#data (Subtract immediate data from A with Borrow0).
INC A (Increment A).
INC Rn (Increment register).
INC direct (Increment direct byte).
INC @Ri (Increment indirect RAM).
DEC A (Decrement A).
DEC Rn (Decrement register).
DEC direct (Decrement direct byte).
DEC @Ri (Decrement indirect RAM).
INC DPTR (Increment Data Pointer).
MUL AB (Multiply A & B (A x B => BA)).
DIV AB (Divide A by B (A/B => A + B)).
DA A (Decimal Adjust A).

Kelompok Instruksi Logika.

ANL A,Rn (AND register to A).
ANL A,direct (AND direct byte to A).
ANL A,@Ri (AND indirect RAM to A).
ANL A,#data (AND immediate data to A).
ANL direct,A (AND A to direct byte).
ANL direct,#data (AND immediate data to direct byte).
ORL A,Rn OR (register to A).
ORL A,direct (OR direct byte to A).
ORL A,@Ri (OR indirect RAM to A).
ORL A,#data (OR immediate data to A).
ORL direct,A (OR A to direct byte).
ORL direct,#data (OR immediate data to direct byte).
XRL A,Rn (Exclusive-OR register to A).
XRL A,direct (Exclusive-OR direct byte to A).
XRL A,@Ri (Exclusive-OR indirect RAM to A).
XRL A,#data (Exclusive-OR immediate data to A).
XRL direct,A (Exclusive-OR A to direct byte).
XRL direct,#data (Exclusive-OR immediate data to direct byte).
CLR A (Clear A).
CPL A (Complement A).
RL A (Rotate A Left).
RLC A (Rotate A Left through Carry).
RR A (Rotate A Right 1 1
RRC A (Rotate A Right through Carry).
SWAP A (Swap nibbles within A).

Kelompok Instruksi Penyalinan Data.

MOV A,Rn (Move register to A).
MOV A,direct (Move direct byte to A).
MOV A,@Ri (Move indirect RAM to A).
MOV A,#data (Move immediate data to A)
MOV Rn,A (Move A to register).
MOV Rn,direct (Move direct byte to register).
MOV Rn,#data (Move immediate data to register).
MOV direct,A (Move A to direct byte).
MOV direct,Rn (Move register to direct byte).
MOV direct,direct (Move direct byte to direct byte).
MOV direct,@Ri (Move indirect RAM to direct byte).
MOV direct,#data (Move immediate data to direct byte).
MOV @Ri,A (Move A to indirect RAM).
MOV @Ri,direct (Move direct byte to indirect RAM).
MOV @Ri,#data (Move immediate data to indirect RAM).
MOV DPTR,#data16 (Load Data Pointer with 16-bit constant).
MOVC A,@A+DPTR (Move Code byte relative to DPTR to A).
MOVC A,@A+PC (Move Code byte relative to PC to A)
MOVX A,@Ri (Move External RAM (8-bit addr) to A).
MOVX A,@DPTR (Move External RAM (16-bit addr) to A)
MOVX @Ri,A (Move A to External RAM (8-bit addr))
MOVX @DPTR,A (Move A to External RAM (16-bit addr)).
PUSH direct (Push direct byte onto stack).
POP direct (Pop direct byte from stack).
XCH A,Rn (Exchange register with A).
XCH A,direct (Exchange direct byte with A).
XCH A,@Ri (Exchange indirect RAM with A).
XCHD A,@Ri (Exchange low-order Digit indirect RAM with A).

Kelompok Instruksi Bit dan Bit-test.

CLR C (Clear Carry flag).
CLR bit (Clear direct bit).
SETB C (Set Carry flag).
SETB bit (Set direct bit).
CPL C (Complement Carry flag).
CPL bit (Complement direct bit).
ANL C,bit (AND direct bit to Carry flag).
ANL C,/bit (AND complement of direct bit to Carry flag).
ORL C,bit (OR direct bit to Carry flag).
ORL C,/bit (OR complement of direct bit to Carry flag).
MOV C,bit (Move direct bit to Carry flag).
MOV bit,C (Move Carry flag to direct bit).

Kelompok Instruksi Percabangan.

ACALL addr11 (Absolute subroutine call).
LCALL addr16 (Long subroutine call).
RET (Return from subroutine).
RETI (Return from interrupt).
AJMP addr11 (Absolute Jump).
LJMP addr16 (Long Jump).
SJMP rel (Short Jump (relative addr)).
JMP @A+DPTR (Jump indirect relative to DPTR).
JZ rel (Jump if A is Zero).
JNZ rel (Jump if A is Not Zero).
JC rel (Jump if Carry flag is set).
JNC rel (Jump if No Carry flag).
JB bit,rel (Jump if direct Bit is set).
JNB bit,rel (Jump if direct Bit is Not set)
JBC bit,rel (Jump if direct Bit is set & Clear bit).
CJNE A,direct,rel (Compare direct to A & Jump if Not Equal).
CJNE A,#data,rel (Compare immediate to A & Jump if Not Equal).
CJNE Rn,#data,rel (Compare immed. to reg. & Jump if Not Equal).
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel (Compare immed. to ind. & Jump if Not Equal).
DJNZ Rn,rel (Decrement register & Jump if Not Zero).
DJNZ direct,rel (Decrement direct byte & Jump if Not Zero).
NOP (No operation).

74LS47|Decoder BCD 4-bit to Seven Segment

2010-03-18T00:25:00.006+07:00

Decoder BCD 4-bit to Seven Segment

decoder is a logic integrated circuit which serves to show the binary codes into signals that can be responded to visual. In accordance with a variety of ways encoding, then one can find various types of decoder, which one of them to the channel decoder output BCD seven segment

Types of BCD decoder into seven segments there are two kinds namely: which decoder functions for driving seven segment common anode mode, and decoder that functions for driving seven segment common cathode mode. but in this post we only present the common cathode mode decoder using IC 74LS47. The 74LS47 is usually used to display data from counter IC which then displayed on the seven segments.

The IC 74LS47 Feature active-low outputs designed for driving common-anode seven segment leds. The Schematic diagram of the 74LS47 is used to control the seven segments in the show on the image below

Skema Rangkaian Decoder BCD 4-bit to Seven Segment 74LS47

Note:

(BI’) must be hight “1” when output function 0 throuht 15 are desired. The (RBI’) must be hight “1” if blanking of decimal zero is not desired.
When (BI’) low “0” all segment outputs are off regardless of the omy other input
(RBI’) adn input (ABCD) are low “0” with the lamp test hight, all segment outputs go off
(BI/RBO’) hight and a low is applied to the lamp-test input, all segment outputa are on

for more details you can using the truth table of the IC 74LS47